SQL Injection Attacks and Defense - 2009

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Escalating Privileges Exploiting SQL Injection • Chapter 4 217 ˛˛ All major DBMSs have suffered from privilege escalation vulnerabilities in the past. The one you are attacking might not have been updated with the latest security fixes. ˛˛ In other cases, it may be possible to attempt to brute-force the administrative account; for instance, using OPENROWSET on SQL Server. Stealing the Password Hashes ˛˛ If you have administrative privileges, do not miss the chance to grab the password hashes. People tend to reuse their passwords and those hashes could be the keys to the kingdom. Out-of-Band Communication ˛˛ If it’s not possible to extract data using the previous methods, try establishing a completely different channel. ˛˛ Possible choices include e-mail (SMTP), HTTP, DNS, file system, or databasespecific connections. Automating SQL Injection Exploitation ˛˛ The majority of the attacks analyzed in this chapter require a high number of requests to reach their goal. ˛˛ Luckily, several free tools can assist in automating the attack. ˛˛ These tools provide a plethora of different attack modes and options, ranging from the fingerprint of the remote DBMS to the extraction of the data it contains.
218 Chapter 4 • Exploiting SQL Injection Frequently Asked Questions Q: Is it necessary to always start the attack by fingerprinting the database? A: Yes. Detailed knowledge of the technology used by the target DBMS will allow you to fine-tune a successful attack, resulting in a much more effective attack. Always invest some time in the fingerprint phase; it will save you a lot of time later. Q: Should I use UNION-based techniques when possible? A: Yes, as they allow you to extract a reasonable amount of information with each request. Q: What if the database is too big to enumerate all tables and columns? A: Try enumerating tables and columns whose names match certain patterns. Adding further conditions such as like %password% or like %private% to your queries can help you to direct your effort toward the most interesting data. Q: How can I avoid data leakage through OOB connections? A: Making sure your applications properly sanitize user input is the first and most important line of defense. However, always make sure your database servers are not authorized to transmit data outside the network. Do not allow them to send SMTP traffic to the outside, and configure your firewalls so that all potentially dangerous traffic is filtered. Q: How easy is it to crack the password hashes, once I have retrieved them? A: It depends on a number of factors. If the hashing algorithm is weak retrieving the original password is very easy. If the hashes have been generated with a cryptographically strong algorithm, it depends on the strength of the original password. However, unless a password complexity policy was enforced, chances are that at least some of the hashes will be cracked.
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Justin Clarke Lead Author and Techn
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Lead Author and Technical Editor Ju
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exploiting, and correcting software
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Dafydd Stuttard is the author of th
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Contents Chapter 1 What Is SQL Inje
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Contents xi LAPSE. ................
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Contents xiii Generic MySQL Binary
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Contents xv Chapter 8 Code-Level De
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Contents xvii Increase the Verbosit
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Contents xix Ingres Cheat Sheet....
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Chapter 1 What Is SQL Injection? So
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What Is SQL Injection? • Chapter
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execute the query against the datab
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Incorrectly Handled Query Assembly
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} } reader = cmd.ExecuteReader(); r
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Chapter 2 Testing for SQL Injection
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Testing for SQL Injection • Chapt
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SELECT * FROM products WHERE idprod
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Figure 2.15 Exploitation Terminatin
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Time Delays Testing for SQL Injecti
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Summary Testing for SQL Injection
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Chapter 3 Reviewing Code for SQL In
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Reviewing Code for SQL Injection
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mssql_bind() − adds a parameter t
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OdbcCommand() − used to construct
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Reviewing PL/SQL and T-SQL Code Rev
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■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ URL: ht
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■■ ■■ Platform: Windows Pri
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Summary Reviewing Code for SQL Inje
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Frequently Asked Questions Reviewin
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Chapter 4 Exploiting SQL Injection
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Exploiting SQL Injection • Chapte
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Approach 3: Content-based Exploitin
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Page 188 and 189: Error Messages in Oracle Exploiting
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Page 240 and 241: Chapter 5 Blind SQL Injection Explo
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Page 246 and 247: Common Blind SQL Injection Scenario
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Summary Blind SQL Injection Exploit
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Blind SQL Injection Exploitation
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Chapter 6 Exploiting the Operating
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Exploiting the Operating System •
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[operating systems] multi(0)disk(0)
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Figure 6.13 Enabling CLR Integratio
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Oracle Exploiting the Operating Sys
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) c / ) ) ), bfilename('GETPWDIR',
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As expected, this creates sp.txt fi
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2 443 [+] Calling msfpayload3 to c
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DBMS_ADVISOR is probably the shorte
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EXECUTE IMMEDIATE q'!drop directory
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Microsoft SQL Server Exploiting the
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Figure 6.22 Creating an UNSAFE Bina
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Executing Operating System Commands
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Endnotes Exploiting the Operating S
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Chapter 7 Advanced Topics Solutions
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Using Case Variation Advanced Topic
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4. The application URL decodes the
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Advanced Topics • Chapter 7 323 D
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Using Hybrid Attacks Advanced Topic
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Exploiting Authenticated Vulnerabil
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Advanced Topics • Chapter 7 339
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Chapter 8 Code-Level Defenses Solut
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Code-Level Defenses • Chapter 8 3
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END; Execute immediate 'SELECT coun
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Validating Input in Java Code-Level
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UTL_SMTP.HELO(v_connection,'mailhos
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Summary Code-Level Defenses • Cha
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Chapter 9 Platform-Level Defenses S
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Platform-Level Defenses • Chapter
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Figure 9.3 Whitelist Rule to Patch
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Application Filters Platform-Level
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Use Strong Cryptography to Protect
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Additional Deployment Consideration
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Chapter 10 References Solutions in
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References • Chapter 10 417 For t
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References • Chapter 10 419 It is
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GROUP BY Statement References • C
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References • Chapter 10 423 you a
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References • Chapter 10 425 Table
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Blind SQL Injection Functions: Micr
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References • Chapter 10 429 the S
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Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Hashes Re
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References • Chapter 10 435 If MA
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TYPE oracle_loader DEFAULT DIRECTOR
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References • Chapter 10 441 When
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Table 10.20 Continued. Troubleshoot
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Enumerating Database Configuration
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Local File Access References • Ch
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References • Chapter 10 451 Infor
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Troubleshooting SQL Injection Attac
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A abstract syntax tree (AST), 125 a
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Index 461 confirming and terminatin
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Index 463 errors application error,
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Index 465 intercepting filters appl
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Index 467 APEX, 196-197 Oracle inte
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Index 469 mysql_query( ) function,
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Index 471 blind SQL injection funct
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Index 473 transformation functions,
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SQL Injection Attacks and Defense - 2009

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