SQL Injection Attacks and Defense - 2009

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Platform-Level Defenses • Chapter 9 401 DBMS_XMLGEN. If the functionality of these packages is required it should be used only via secure application roles. In SQL Server, you should consider dropping dangerous stored procedures such as xp_cmdshell, as well as the procedures that match xp_reg∗, xp_instancereg∗, and sp_OA∗. If this is not feasible, audit these objects and revoke any permissions that were unnecessarily assigned. Restrict Ad Hoc Querying Microsoft SQL Server supports a command called OPENROWSET to query remote and local data sources. Remote querying is useful in that it can be leveraged to attack other database servers on connected networks. Querying the local server with this function allows an attacker to reauthenticate to the server in the context of a more privileged SQL Server database login. You can disable this feature in the Windows Registry by setting DisallowAdhocAccess to 1 for each data provider at HKLM\Software\Microsoft\ MSSQLServer\Providers. Similarly, Oracle supports ad hoc querying of remote servers via database links. By default, a normal user does not require this privilege and you should remove it from the account. Check the CREATE DATABASE LINK privilege (part of the connect role until Oracle 10.1) to ensure that only required logins and roles are assigned to avoid attackers creating new links. Strengthen Controls Surrounding Authentication You should review all database logins, and disable or delete those that are unnecessary, such as default accounts. Additionally, you should enable password strength within the database server to prevent lazy administrators from selecting weak passwords. Attackers can leverage weakly protected accounts to reauthenticate to the database server and potentially elevate privilege. Lastly, enable server auditing to monitor suspicious activity, especially failed logins. In SQL Server databases, consider exclusive use of Integrated Windows Authentication in favor of the less secure SQL Server Authentication. When you do this, attackers will be unable to reauthenticate using something such as OPENROWSET; in addition, it reduces the possibility of sniffing passwords over the network, and can leverage the Windows operating system to enforce strong password and account controls. Run in the Context of the Least-Privileged Operating System Account If an attacker is able to break outside the context of the database server and gain access to the underlying operating system, it is critical that this occurs in the context of the
402 Chapter 9 • Platform-Level Defenses least-privileged operating system account. You should configure database server software running on ∗nix systems to run in the context of an account that is a member of a custom group that has minimal file system permissions to run the software. By default, SQL Server 2005 and later installers will select the minimally privileged NETWORK SERVICE account for running SQL Server. Tools & Traps… SQL Server Taking Security Seriously The good news is that starting with SQL Server 2005, Microsoft included a handy configuration utility called SQL Server Service Area Configuration, which makes it really easy to disable most of the functionality that an attacker could abuse. Previous versions of SQL Server required running Transact-SQL statements or modifying the Windows Registry. Even better, most of the dangerous features are disabled by default. Ensure That the Database Server Software Is Patched Keeping software up to date with the current patch level is a fundamental security principle, but it’s easy to overlook given that database servers are not Internet-facing systems. An attacker can exploit server vulnerabilities via an application-level SQL injection vulnerability just as easily as though he were on the same network as the database server. The exploit payload could be a sequence of SQL commands that exploit an SQL injection vulnerability in a PL/SQL package, or even shell code to exploit a buffer overflow in an extended stored procedure. Automated update mechanisms are ideal for keeping up to date. You can keep SQL Server up to date with Windows Update (www.update.microsoft.com). Oracle database administrators can check for current updates by signing up with the Oracle MetaLink service (https://metalink.oracle.com/CSP/ui/index.html). Third-party patch management systems are another way to keep patch levels current. Table 9.1 shows commands that can help you determine the version of the database server software for SQL Server and Oracle. Also included in the table are links for checking the version information to tell whether your database server is completely patched.
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Justin Clarke Lead Author and Techn
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Lead Author and Technical Editor Ju
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exploiting, and correcting software
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Dafydd Stuttard is the author of th
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Contents Chapter 1 What Is SQL Inje
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Contents xi LAPSE. ................
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Contents xiii Generic MySQL Binary
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Contents xv Chapter 8 Code-Level De
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Contents xvii Increase the Verbosit
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Contents xix Ingres Cheat Sheet....
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Chapter 1 What Is SQL Injection? So
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What Is SQL Injection? • Chapter
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execute the query against the datab
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Incorrectly Handled Query Assembly
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} } reader = cmd.ExecuteReader(); r
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Chapter 2 Testing for SQL Injection
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Testing for SQL Injection • Chapt
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SELECT * FROM products WHERE idprod
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Figure 2.15 Exploitation Terminatin
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Time Delays Testing for SQL Injecti
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Summary Testing for SQL Injection
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Chapter 3 Reviewing Code for SQL In
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Reviewing Code for SQL Injection
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mssql_bind() − adds a parameter t
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OdbcCommand() − used to construct
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Reviewing PL/SQL and T-SQL Code Rev
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■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ URL: ht
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■■ ■■ Platform: Windows Pri
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Summary Reviewing Code for SQL Inje
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Frequently Asked Questions Reviewin
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Chapter 4 Exploiting SQL Injection
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Exploiting SQL Injection • Chapte
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Approach 3: Content-based Exploitin
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Error Messages in Oracle Exploiting
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MySQL Exploiting SQL Injection •
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Such a query will return output sim
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SELECT name,spare4 FROM sys.user$ w
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[+] Bruteforcing the sa password. T
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select user_name,web_password_raw f
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HTTP/DNS Exploiting SQL Injection
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Summary Exploiting SQL Injection
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Escalating Privileges Exploiting SQ
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Chapter 5 Blind SQL Injection Explo
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Blind SQL Injection Exploitation
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Common Blind SQL Injection Scenario
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1. Is the byte greater than 127? No
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Using Time-Based Techniques Blind S
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SELECT * FROM unknowntable UNION SE
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Figure 5.13 Extracting Database Log
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Summary Blind SQL Injection Exploit
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Chapter 6 Exploiting the Operating
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Exploiting the Operating System •
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[operating systems] multi(0)disk(0)
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Figure 6.13 Enabling CLR Integratio
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Oracle Exploiting the Operating Sys
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) c / ) ) ), bfilename('GETPWDIR',
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As expected, this creates sp.txt fi
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2 443 [+] Calling msfpayload3 to c
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DBMS_ADVISOR is probably the shorte
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EXECUTE IMMEDIATE q'!drop directory
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Microsoft SQL Server Exploiting the
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Figure 6.22 Creating an UNSAFE Bina
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Executing Operating System Commands
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Endnotes Exploiting the Operating S
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Chapter 7 Advanced Topics Solutions
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Using Case Variation Advanced Topic
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4. The application URL decodes the
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Advanced Topics • Chapter 7 323 D
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Advanced Topics • Chapter 7 325 I
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Advanced Topics • Chapter 7 329 N
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Advanced Topics • Chapter 7 331 m
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Advanced Topics • Chapter 7 333 1
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Using Hybrid Attacks Advanced Topic
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Exploiting Authenticated Vulnerabil
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Advanced Topics • Chapter 7 339
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Chapter 8 Code-Level Defenses Solut
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Code-Level Defenses • Chapter 8 3
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END; Execute immediate 'SELECT coun
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References • Chapter 10 451 Infor
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References • Chapter 10 453 Table
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■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ Referen
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Troubleshooting SQL Injection Attac
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A abstract syntax tree (AST), 125 a
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Index 461 confirming and terminatin
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Index 463 errors application error,
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Index 465 intercepting filters appl
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Index 467 APEX, 196-197 Oracle inte
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Index 469 mysql_query( ) function,
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Index 471 blind SQL injection funct
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Index 473 transformation functions,
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SQL Injection Attacks and Defense - 2009

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