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1985; Sieverding, 1991). Many authors have reported a significant increment in root collar diameter, after inoculating the plants with VAM fungi. Reid et al. (1988) reported an increment in root collar diameter when sugar maple seedlings were inoculated with VAM fungi. Osonubi et al. (1989), while working with inoculated Gmelina seedlings, reported a significant biomass increment. Huang et al. (1985) while working with inoculated Leucaena leucocephala, reported a significant increment in plant growth parameters. Aggangan and Dela Cruz (1991), while working with Acacia auriculiformis and Leucaena leucocephala, reported a diameter increment of between 18% to 123% when the two plants were inoculated with different types of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Castillo (1993), while working with Pterocarpus indicus, reported a significant diameter increment when the plants were inoculated with vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Kormanik et al. (1981) reported a significant increment in root collar diameter when sweetgum seedlings were inoculated with VAM fungi. He reported that inoculation with VAM fungi increased the root collar diameter by 268%. Root to Shoot Ratio The difference between the root to shoot ratio of inoculated and non-inoculated Citrus reticulata, was statistically significant at 5% level. The inoculated Citrus reticulata had a higher root to shoot ratio as compared to non inoculated plants. The higher root to shoot ratio of the inoculated plants could be attributed to the effect of mycorrhiza infection, which could have increased nutrients absorption, giving rise to a higher root and shoot biomass increment with a uniform growth. Clapperton and Reid (1992) while researching on the relationship between plant growth and increasing VAM fungi inoculum density reported that as the colonization by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased, so did root to shoot ratios. They concluded that this was due to the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal plants being able to translocate more carbon to the roots than non-mycorrhiza plants. The same has been reported by Kucey and Paul (1982); Douds et al. (1988) and Wang et al. (1989). Tree seedlings with higher root to shoot ratios are able to have a higher survival percentage when planted in the field. Root number and length Inoculated Citrus reticulata with VAM fungi significantly increased the root length. The inoculation with VAM increased the root length by 25%. Huang et al. (1985) reported a root length increment of up to 80% when Leucaena leucocephala was inoculated with VAM fungi. Levy and Syvertsen (1983) while working on the effect of drought stress on citrus reported that, although plant to plant variations obscured significant differences, vesiculararbuscular mycorrhiza plants did tend to have greater total feeder root length per plant than control plants. In addition to the mycorrhiza inoculation enhancing the plants absorption of more nutrients, especially phosphorus, via an increase in the absorbing surface area (Marschner and Dell, 1994), mycorrhiza colonization could have protected roots from soil pathogen (Perrin, 1990), and therefore increased root growth and nutrients acquisition of Citrus reticulata. Inoculated plants had higher number of roots than non inoculated ones, though the increment was not significant at 5% level. Mycorrhiza inoculation is known to enhance the plants absorption of more nutrients especially phosphorus via an increase in the absorbing surface area (Marschner and Dell, 1994). This in turn could have enhanced a higher plant growth rate resulting to more roots per plant. Mycorrhiza colonization also protect the roots from the soil pathogens (Perrin, 1990) and, therefore could have lead to an increase in not only the root growth and nutrient acquisition of the host roots, but also the number of surviving roots. Root Colonization Percentage Inoculated Citrus reticulata with VAM fungi resulted into a 95.86% colonization. There was no VAM fungi contamination as 10 Diversity Studies and Utilization of Indigenous Vescular.......
evident in the non inoculated plants (control) and recommended rate which showed 0% colonization. Mycorrhiza colonization is normally attributed to the tree species and environmental factors. Smith et al. (1979) reported that the extent to which typical VAM fungi colonize root systems varies with species of plant. It has also been noted that there are differences in the extent of infection between genotypes of the same species. The extent of mycorrhiza infection in root systems is also known to be influenced by environmental conditions; the most important being the age of the plants, the level of phosphate (P) in the soil relative to the requirements of the plant and the capacity of the population of mycorrhiza propagules in the soil to form mycorrhiza. Citrus reticulata is a non nodulating legume (Ladha et al., 1993) and rhizobium bacteria could not have posed any threat in competing with mycorrhiza fungi for carbohydrates. The time period of the seedlings (five months) could have been too short to record a higher colonization percentage since the root system infected normally increases with time sigmoidally. Seasonal patterns in the formation of mycorrhiza have also been said to vary considerably from year to year (Allen et al., 1989). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Vesicular arbuscular mychorrizal (VAM) fungi are microorganisms which are known to form a symbiotic relationship with plants through enhancing the plants’ growth by increasing the root systems absorption of nutrients from the soil while simultaneously making the plants’ roots as their habitat. This study was conducted to ascertain the diversity of indigenous VAM fungi present in the soils of citrus plantations of Nueva Vizacaya, and to prove the capability of the fungi to function as a biofertilizer. The isolation, identification, and counting of fungi paved way to the diversity analysis of the presence of indigenous VAM fungi in citrus plantations. The results indicated that there is a vast diversity of VAM species in J.I. Yago, et.al the plantations and more importantly four new unknown species were discovered. To further supplement the findings on the diversity study, the isolated and identified fungi from the soil samples where then inoculated to Citrus reticulata seedlings to test the fungi’s efficacy as biofertilizer, and to observe the mycorrhizal penetration to the roots. The in-vivo experimentation of the pregerminated citrus seedlings was conducted to to observe the mycorrhizal penetration of Gigaspora gigantea and the unknown Glomus species to the cortical cells of the plant. On the other hand, the experiment is composed of three treatments, with VAM, with synthetic fertilizer and the control group, wherein the growth parameters were observed. The specific species of VAM inoculated on the seedlings was Glomus mosseae. This study revealed that there is a diverse population of VAM fungi in the soil acquired from the three major citrus-based plantations in Nueva Vizcaya, as supported by the immense population of fungi found in the three plantations. The soil acquired from Kongkong Valley showed the most multifarious population of mychorrizal fungi having 11 known species and three unknown species presumed to be of the genus Glomus, Gigaspora and Scutellospora. The most copious species was the Glomus mosseae having a population of 45/600 grams of soil. In Muta Valley, seven known species and one unknown, also of the genus gigaspora, were observed. The most dominant species present was Gigaspora gigantea having a population of 52/600 grams of soil. On the other hand, only four known species were observed to be present in Malabings Valley and the most dominant was also the Gigaspora gigantea which has a population of 15/600 grams of soil. 11
Page 1 and 2: RESEARCH PAPERS Diversity Studies a
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Page 13: than uninoculated treated plants. S
Page 17 and 18: A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS-BA
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Page 25 and 26: Table 1. Summary of equations of th
Page 27 and 28: Figure 7. Comparison of the differe
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Page 47 and 48: RURAL ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT THROUG
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