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228 A. Lillehammer Fig. 22. Stream Byrkjelandselva at Sveio in the coastal area (A). nearly the same height above sea level (from 5 to 10 m). The streams were chosen to be as similar as possible regarding size of substratum and amount of vegetation along the streams. In an attempt to eliminate differences in results arising from differences in stream size, small and large streams both in coastal areas and in the fjord areas were examined for comparison. In all streams, areas with riffles and pools and with different substrata were investigated. The amount of allochthonous matter was similar, although somewhat less in Nordelva than in the other two streams. The dominant deciduous trees were Alnus, but Salix and other trees were also present. All three streams were surrounded by cultivated land. Physical and chemical data from the streams are given in Table XIX. Stonefly fauna The same trends were found as during the investigation of the total area (Table XX). Leuctra digitata, Capnia pygmaea and /soperla obscura were only taken in Nordelva and in fact have not been taken west of the inner fjords. Fig. 23. Stream Sandeidelva at Sandeid in the central area (B). Table XVIII. Temperatures (0C) at three stations in the horizontal distribution investigation Station Date I 2 3 28 Apr. 66 11 3 2 15 June 66 \5 14 7 22 March 67 5 1 1 28 May 67 12 - 4 10 July 67 16 12 6 3 Sept. 67 12.5 10.5 9 28 May 70 16 12 4.5 8 Apr. 71 7 3 4 - Mean \1.7 7.9 4.9 Fig. 24. Stream Nordelva at Sauda in the inner fjord area (C). Station (I). in the vertical zonation, and station (3) in the horizontal zonation. in Sveio, Hordaland (Fig. 22); Sandeidelva in Vindafjord (Fig. 23) and Nordelva in Sauda (Fig. 24), both in Rogaland. They represented the range from coastal areas with an atlantic climate to inner fjord areas with a more continental climate. All the stations were Table XIX. Maximum and mIlllmum measurements of pH, Ca++ hardness and Mg++ hardness at three stations in the horizontal zonation in area 1 pH Ca++ mg/l Mg++ mg/l Stations Max Min Min Max Min Max 1 6.7 6.4 0.4 1.7 0.3 0.4 2 6.4 5.3 0.2 1.7 0.1 0.2 3 6.0 5.6 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.2
Norwegian stoneflies Il 229 Table XX. The stonefly association at a horizontal gradient in area 1. North Rogaland and South Hordaland - signifies less than one percent. Coastal area Middler area Inner fjords Stations 1 2 3 Frequency % Frequency % Frequency % Siphonoperla burmeisteri 9.3 1.2 Amphinemura sulcicollis 22.4 16.5 7.4 Protonemura meyeri 29.1 3.8 Leuctra hippopus 13.5 36.6 25.3 Leuctra fusca 14.7 25.2 20.2 Brachyptera risi 10.6 7.4 16.0 Nemoura cinerea 3.1 Isoperla grammatica T aeniopteryx nebulosa Amphinemura borealis 5.0 5.2 Diura nanseni 3.4 1.2 Nemurella picteti Leuctra nigra 2.9 Amphinemura standfussi 3.8 Leuctra digitata 1.3 Isoperla obscura Capnia pygmaea 9.0 Number of species 7 14 17 Number of specimens 483 497 442 These species seem to be 'continental' in Norway and associated with mountains and their surroundings. Seven more species have not been taken in Byrkjelandsbekken, and five of them are absent west of Sandeidelven. Two of the species, Isoperla gtammatica and Amphinemura standfussi, are absent from Byrkjelandsbekken, but have been taken in other streams in the area, although both are rare. Discussion of zonations All the vertical zonation studies showed a reduction in numbers and species which was correlated with a decrease in deciduous trees and the amount of organic allochthonous matter. This is in agreement with the results of the studies carried out by Hynes (1961) and Minshall (1968) who investigated streams at different altitudes in Britain. They found differences which they associated with differences in food and temperature. Certain species seem to be restricted to certain vegetation zones and belts in southern Norway but to different ones in the north. This demonstrates the difficulty in making generalizations valid for widely separated areas with different faunal associations. The horizontal zonation studies demonstrated a decrease in species towards the coast which in some cases could be connected with temperature. Since, however, the reduction was so marked and involved widely distributed southern species, other factors or combination of factors not considered in this investigation could be involved. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT PREFERENCE During the investigation of the faunal associations of the seven areas and the zonation studies it was seen that the species had somewhat different distributions and habitat preferences in different parts of Norway. In certain of the investigated areas some species seemed to exhibit a preference for streams of different size. Brinck (1949) gave habitat preferences for the Swedish species together with notes on their European distribution. U1£strand (1967, 1968a, b) and U1£strand et al. (1971) gave further information about some of the Swedish species. There were some differences in habitat preference of certain species between Sweden and areas on the continent. Some of the Norwegian 15 - NOr8k ent. Tidsskr.
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Dry Weight , mg. Fig. 7. Correlatio
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Table 11. Caloric values per g dry
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Talbe IV. Oxygen consumption given
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etween the sexes during the respira
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128 A. Fjellberg Fig. 2. A. sefiten
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130 A. Fjellberg HABITATS Until now
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132 L. Semme the autumn. The prelim
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'~0~1-0611 '96 'lourouy 'uu3 's3asu
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136 J. E. Brittain Fig. 1. The loca
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138 J. E. Brittain period was longe
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140 J. E. Brittain Table 11. Ph~sic
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142 J. E. Brittain Table IV. Physic
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144 J. E. Brittain EPHEMEROPTERA Am
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146 J. E. Brittain 0-3 NYMPHS I I 1
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148 J. E. Brittain 1-3 NYMPHS 01 I
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150 J. E. Brittain Nemzlrella picte
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152 J. E. Brittain ture and the inc
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(Nord-Norwegen) (Trichoptera, Pleco
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from anoxia. Drops of haemolymph we
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Notes on little known spiders in No
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Symphyla and Pauropoda from two con
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Symphyla and Pauropoda 163 Table 11
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sults it is clear that the animals
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168 7. R. Nielsen K L M N Fig. l. O
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170 T. R. Nielsen Table 1. A compar
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Abundance and diversity in the faun
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Nocturnal moths 175 Table 1. Number
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Page 78 and 79: 192 F. E. Klallsen The specimens fr
Page 80 and 81: 194 F. E. Klausen REFERENCES Ardii,
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Page 132 and 133: 246 A. Lillehammer Blies (1953, 195
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