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212 A. Lillehammer Blatjemn Diura bicaudata, Arcynopteryx compacta, Capnia atra, Amphinemura standfussi and lsoperla obscura were taken. As in the case of streams and lakes, there was a reduction of species from the Sub-Alpine belt to the Midde Alpine belt. The most common carnivore was again Diura bicaudata. Distribution westwards along presumed emigration routes Seven species are restricted to eastern parts of southern Norway where most of them occur widely (Table I). Among these are N emoura avicularis, Capnia bifrons, Capnopsis schilleri and N emoura flexuosa. Even Capnia atra does not extend too far west. Therefore three of the most likely entry routes into western Norway were investigated in detail. The lowest (ca. 900 m a.s.l.), and probably the most suitable since there is almost continuous birch woodland over the pass, is via Valdres over to Lerdal, Sogn. The other two possibilities - up Hallingdal and over to Eidfjord, and from Telemark over Haukeli to Hordaland and Rogaland - are somewhat higher and go above the tree line. Collecting in these areas showed that Capnopsis schilleri, Capnia bifrons, N emoura avicularis, Capnia atra and Nemoura flexuosa had somewhat different distributions. N emoura flexuosa had the most eastern distribution of the species and was not taken during the present investigations. Capnia bifrons and Capnopsis schilleri had the next most easterly distribution. In Valdres Capnia bifrons went furthest up (Tyinkrysset) while Capnopsis schilleri has so far only been found in 0stre Slidre. Neither species was taken in Hallingdal, while in Telemark both were taken more or less the same distance west, Capnia bifrons in Hjartdal and Capnopsis schilleri in Seljord. N emoura avicularis was collected in 0stre Slidre, Svenkerud in Hallingdal, and Seljord in Telemark. In the southern part of the country they occurred as far west as at the Byglandsfjord. Capnia atra goes furthest west of the species discussed here, although absent in the south-west of the country. Further north the species occurs in Lrerdal and at Eidfjord, right down to the fjord. In the south, the most westerly locality is Grungedal in Telemark. Discussion: southern Norway Area 1, Rogaland and South Hordaland, which contains a considerable range of environmental factors, shows very great differences in faunal associations. The coastal areas are poor in species, but those present are numerous. In area 2 the same tendency is apparent, the inner area (2.1) having the most species. This gradient from inner areas towards the coast seems to indicate an important distributional trend. Within areas 2 and 3 there are pronounced differences in the fauna. In the area of the inner Oslofjord (2.1), where there is a rich cover of deciduous trees along the streams, the Capniids dominate. The same is true of area 3.1, the Glama valley, where deciduous trees are also common along the streams. In the eastern parts of both areas 2.2 and 3.2, the Capniids are poorly represented. Therefore the Capniids as a group seem to prefer streams on rich soils with deciduous trees along the streams. The Capniids also have their main distribution area in the eastern part of south Norway. Two of them, Capnia bifrons and Capnopsis schilleri, have not been taken in western Norway, and the distribution of the other two species, Capnia atra and Capnia pygmaea, is very restricted in the west. This may be connected with the factors mentioned above. South-west Norway and the southern part (Sl'Jrlandet) differ from the rest of the country in that Capnia atra seems to be absent both in high altitude lakes and streams, and in streams in lower altitudes. In the high altitude lakes, the common herbivores are N emoura cinerea and N emurella picteti. They also occur in streams. Capnia pygmaea may be common, but the species has only been taken below the alpine belts. There also seems to be a trend of a decreasing number of species as the deciduous trees and willow bushes along the streams become absent at higher altitudes. This is most pronounced among the herbivorous species. The above trends will be compared as far as possible with those in northern Norway, and some of the trends themselves will be examined further in the zonation studies.
Norwegian stone/lies II 213 NORTHERN NORWAY The northern areas of Norway support a special fauna (Table I). Studies making it possible to compare the fauna of these areas with those of southern Norway were preferable, but the long travelling distance presented problems. Therefore, the research could not be of the same intensity as in the south, and the areas were investigated only once a year. The area around Kautokeino and the coastal areas were visited both in 1968 and 1972 while the Pasvik area was visited only in 1'966. The comparisons may, therefore, not be so valid as in the south. Nevertheless, the studies were carried out in the latter part of June and July, the best months for Plecopteran investigations in these areas, wh:re the snow and ice disappears during the fIrSt part of June. Area 5. Kautokeino This area was chosen because it lies within the most continental area of Norway. Area description The area (Fig. 4) is part of the large Kautokeino rural district which covers much of inner Finnmark. It consists mostly of a plateau cut into by river valleys. In this area, 16 streams and 8 lakes were investigated. The bedrock is Pre-Eocambrian which in the far north changes to Eocambrian sediments. The whole area is covered by a thick layer of drift material, notably along the Kautokeino river (Sollid et al. 1973). Precipitation is less than 400 mm a year. In Kautokeino village the valley floor lies at 3-400 m a.s.l. and the surroundings seldom reach over 600 m a.s.l. In the north-western areas the landscape is somewhat higher with heights of 700 m a.s.l. and above. The area is situated in the Sub-Alpine birch belt and the Alpine belts. In the valleys there is often very dense growth of birch and willow, above which there is a belt of willow, which may be very dense in the lower parts. Stream descriptions The landscape is rich in lakes and streams, most of them running into the Kautokeino River, a part of the Alta watercourse. Both small and large streams were investigated. The pH was fairly constant at the time of measurement, from 6.6 to 7.0. The Ca++ content varied quite a lot, from 0.83 to 28.7 mg/l. The highest values were recorded. in small streams coming from shallow lakes With slow renewal. Stonefly fauna During this investigation 26 species were taken (Table VII). However, the total number is 27, as Dinocras cephalotes was taken in the Anojokka area in 1969. The five species taken solely in northern Norway are Capnia vidua, N emoura arctica, N emoura sahlbergi, N emoura viki and Protonemura intricata. The last mentioned is the only one which has not been taken in this area, there being only two records of this species, both further north. All the 27 species were taken in streams, while in lakes and lakes outlets there were 10 species in each. In this area Diura bicaudata was common both in streams and lakes and dominated among the carnivorous stoneflies. Diura nanseni was widespread in both lakes and streams, but was never as numerous as Diura bicaudata. The third of the large carnivores, Arcynopteryx compacta, was only found in lake outlets and streams. All three occurred together in the outlet of Stuorajavrre and in Masijokka. The most common omnivorous species was Isoperla obscura, which was taken in lakes, outlets and streams. Among the herbivorous species Leuctra hippopus and Capnia atra were the most widespread species, followed by N emoura avicularis and N emoura cinerea. In the streams the most common were Leuctra hippopus, Capnopsis schilleri, Capnia atra, Leuctra nigra and N emoura cinerea. In certain streams N emoura arctica, N emoura sahlbergi and N emoura viki were very numerous. All the Norwegian N emoura species have in fact been taken in streams in this area. In lakes, four of them, N emoura avicularis, N emoura arctica, N emoura cinerea and N emoura viki, were taken. Area G. Alta and its surroundings This area (Fig. 4) represents the fjord areas 14 - <strong>Norsk</strong> ent. Tidsskr.
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Dry Weight , mg. Fig. 7. Correlatio
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128 A. Fjellberg Fig. 2. A. sefiten
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132 L. Semme the autumn. The prelim
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140 J. E. Brittain Table 11. Ph~sic
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142 J. E. Brittain Table IV. Physic
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144 J. E. Brittain EPHEMEROPTERA Am
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146 J. E. Brittain 0-3 NYMPHS I I 1
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148 J. E. Brittain 1-3 NYMPHS 01 I
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152 J. E. Brittain ture and the inc
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from anoxia. Drops of haemolymph we
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Notes on little known spiders in No
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Page 80 and 81: 194 F. E. Klausen REFERENCES Ardii,
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Page 132 and 133: 246 A. Lillehammer Blies (1953, 195
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Page 136 and 137: 250 A. Lillehammer Muller, K. 1955.
Page 138 and 139: 252 Bokanmeldelser produserende, en
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Page 142 and 143: SHORT COMMUNICATIONS C. van Achterb
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