Full-text - Norsk entomologisk forening

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246 A. Lillehammer Blies (1953, 1955, 1965), Rauser (1962, 1971), Ricker (1964), Ulfstrand (1968) and Udvardy (l969). The different species of northern Europe have been grouped according to origin and as immigrants into Fennoscandia from the south or the north-east. Such a grouping has been carried out on the fauna of the seven areas investigated in this work (Tables Ill-IX) following Ulfstrand's (1968) model. Group 1 consists of the species which are distinctly north-eastern and absent from western Europe: Capnia pygmaea, Diura nanseni, N emoura arctica and N. sahlbergi. Group 2 consists of basically north-easterly species which have a smaller or larger number of outposts in central and/or western Europe: Amphinemura borealis, Leuctra digitata, Capnia atra, Capnopsis schilleri, Arcynopteryx compacta, Diura bicaudata and Siphonoperla burmeisteri. Group 3 encompasses the species which are widespread in western Europe and are often predominantly southerly: Amphinemura standfussi, A. sulcicollis, Brachyptera risi, Capnia bifrons, Dinocras cephalotes, Isoperla difformis, Isoperla grammatica, Isoperla obscura, Leuctra fusca, Leuctra hippopus, Leuctra nigra, Nemoura avicularis, Nemoura cinerea, N emoura flexuosa, N emurella picteti, Perlodes dispar, Protonemura meyra and T aeniopteryx nebulosa. In addition to the species in the groups given by Ulfstrand (1968), the present author has added N emoura viki to group 1. Xanthoperla apicalis and Isogenus nubecula are added to group 2. According to Brinck (1949), they are north-eastern species which came from Central Europe. Also Protonemura intricata is placed in the same group by the present author. In Fennoscandia the species has a north-eastern distribution, but is mainly distributed in Central Europe. Capnia vidua is placed in group 3 because the species has a wide distribution in western Europe. The number of species from the three groups represented in different areas are listed in Table XXI. The northern areas Kautokeino, Pasvik and Alta contain the highest number of north-eastern species and the lowland areas of Oslofjord and Rogaland the lowest. In both southern and northern Norway the areas which are most continental contain the highest number of north-eastern species (groups 1 and 2). A comparison between the faunas of the Sub-Alpine and Low-Alpine belts of Rogaland and 0vre Heimdal shows that 0. Heimdal has the higher number of northeastern species. There are also differences within the main areas. In Rogaland the coastal area has only one species of north-eastern origin, the central area three, and the inner five. The coastal area has a higher percentage of southern species than both the central and inner areas. The same is true of the coastal and inner areas of the Oslofjord. Neither of the coastal areas have a distinctly northeastern (group I) species, and only one of them a basically north-eastern species (group Table XXI. The presence of zoogeographical groups in the investigated areas of Norway Areas Total Zoogeographical groups No. of species 1 2 3 1. Rogaland area 17 2 3 12 2. Rogaland Coastal area 9 0 1 8 3. Rogaland Middler area 14 1 2 11 4. Rogaland Inner area, lowland 17 2 3 12 5. Rogaland Inner area, high altitudes 15 1 3 11 6. Oslofjord area 24 1 5 18 7. Oslofjord Inner area (2.1) 22 1 6 15 8. Oslofjord Coastal area (2.3) 7 0 1 6 9. North-0sterdal 27 2 8 17 10. 0. Heimdal 21 1 5 15 11. Kautokeino 27 5 7 15 12. Alta 18 3 6 9 13. South-Varanger 28 5 9 14
Norwegian stoneflies II 247 2). There are differences between Rogaland and the Oslofjord in the inner lowland areas as there are two distinctly north-eastern species in Rogaland while there is only one in the Oslo area. Finally, the areas in northern Norway which are near the immigration routes of the north-eastern species support the highest number of species. In southern Norway, the areas with the most continental climate have the highest number of such species, while the areas with the most pronounced atlantic climate have very few north-eastern species. CONCLUSION In general the distribution of Norwegian stoneflies seems to be connected with major factors such as differences in climate, vegetation region and historical immigration. However, the more local distribution seems to be associated with several other factors, of which the amount of deciduous vegetation in the vicinity of the watercourse, the amount of allochthonous organic matter, substratum and temperature are among those shown to be of importance in the present study. Such factors clearly interact differently to produce different faunal associations in the various areas. In part Ill: Field studies on ecological factors influencing distribution, and in part IV: Laboratory tests on ecological factors influencing distribution, these factors will be documented and discussed individually in more detail. SUMMARY In the present work about 500 streams and lakes from all parts of Norway were investigated. The material consists of about 45,000 specimens. The distribution of the Norwegian species is plotted in Figs. 25-58. Thirty-four of the 35 Norwegian species have been collected by the author, twentynine of these 35 species in southern Norway and 32 in northern Norway. Seven of the species present in southern Norway have not been recorded west of the central mountain chain (Langfjellene). The most continental areas in southern Norway, North 0sterdalen and its surroundings, support the highest number of species. In the south there is a decrease in number of species towards west, south-west and south. There is also a reduction in species towards the coastal areas. This trend was examined in southern Norway and in the north there also seems to be a similar trend. There are differences between southern and northern Norway in the presence of different species in various vegetation belts. While Capnia pygmaea, Amphinemura borealis and Isoperla difformis only occur in the Boreal coniferous areas in southern Norway, they all occur in the Sub-Alpine belt in northern Norway. A reduction in species paralleled by the reduction in deciduous vegetation and the amount of organic allochthonous matter in the streams was observed in all parts of Norway. This trend was investigated in different vegetation belts in three study areas. The trend is mainly connected with the reduction in Salix vegetation along the streams. Above the Salix belt only a few species are common, Diura bicaudata, Arcynopteryx compacta, Capnia atra, Amphinemura standfussi, N emoura cinerea, N emurella picteti and in northern Norway Nemoura arctica. Only two or three of them are usually taken together in each area. The Capniids are mainly distributed in the eastern parts of southern Norway and they are most common where there is a rich soil and deciduous trees along the streams. Seventeen of the Norwegian species were taken in lakes at least once. The highest number of species was taken in the high altitude lake, 0vre Heimdalsvann, and in the lakes in northern Norway. Some species seemed to be restricted to certain substrata and streams of certain size in some areas of Norway, but had a wider distribution in other areas. There were great differences in this respect between southern and northern Norway and between low and high altitudes. The investigations have shown that there are such great faunistic differences between the different areas of Norway that previous generalizations about the classification of
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Norsk Entorriologisk Tidsskrift Nor
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451 1 I I I I I I I 4 6 8 10 12 14
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Dry Weight , mg. Fig. 7. Correlatio
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Table 11. Caloric values per g dry
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Talbe IV. Oxygen consumption given
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etween the sexes during the respira
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128 A. Fjellberg Fig. 2. A. sefiten
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130 A. Fjellberg HABITATS Until now
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132 L. Semme the autumn. The prelim
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'~0~1-0611 '96 'lourouy 'uu3 's3asu
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136 J. E. Brittain Fig. 1. The loca
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138 J. E. Brittain period was longe
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140 J. E. Brittain Table 11. Ph~sic
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142 J. E. Brittain Table IV. Physic
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144 J. E. Brittain EPHEMEROPTERA Am
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146 J. E. Brittain 0-3 NYMPHS I I 1
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148 J. E. Brittain 1-3 NYMPHS 01 I
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150 J. E. Brittain Nemzlrella picte
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152 J. E. Brittain ture and the inc
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(Nord-Norwegen) (Trichoptera, Pleco
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from anoxia. Drops of haemolymph we
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Notes on little known spiders in No
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Symphyla and Pauropoda from two con
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Symphyla and Pauropoda 163 Table 11
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sults it is clear that the animals
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168 7. R. Nielsen K L M N Fig. l. O
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170 T. R. Nielsen Table 1. A compar
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Abundance and diversity in the faun
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Nocturnal moths 175 Table 1. Number
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Nocturnal moths 177 Grimstad Amli 1
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Nocturnal moths 179 Am/i. Norway 19
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Nocturnal moths 181 Grimstad, Norwa
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Nocturnal moths 183 %60 50 40 30 20
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Spinosellina forms of Sminthurides
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A constant pressure microrespiromet
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Microrespirometer 189 termination o
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192 F. E. Klallsen The specimens fr
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194 F. E. Klausen REFERENCES Ardii,
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