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162 H. P. Leinaus Table 1. Number of symphyls (S) and pauropods (P) recorded at the Nordmoen locality. Number of soil samples in brackets. Depth of samples in cm 0-3 3-6 6-9 9-12 1972: 8 May (60) - (60) 10 June - (60) - (60) 11 July - (60) 3s (60) 14 Aug. - (60) (60) - (15) - (15) 14 Sept - (60) 3s (60) 1s (15) 3s (15) 21 Oct. !60) 2s - - 13 Nov. - - (60) (15) - (60) (60) (15) - (15) (15) 19 Dec. - (20) - (20) 1s (20) - ( 5) 1973: 23 Jan. (20) (20) 1s (20) 3s ( 8) 8 Mar. (20) - (20) (20) (14) 13 Apr. - (20) - (20) 2s (20) - (14) 21 May (60) - (60) 7 S (15) 2s (15) IP numbers. Consequently the chosen size of the soil samples was small - 10 cm2. Soil cores, which were taken down to 6-12 cm depth, were subdivided into slices of 3 cm thickness. Random sauares were laid out at both studv areas. During each sampling day, one soil sample was removed from each square. From May 1972, monthly soil samples were taken at Nordmoen for one year, with the exception of Feb. 1973. The numbers and depth of the soil samples are shown in Table 1. At Sl~rstad, soil samples were taken 9 times during one year, beginning on 21 Sept. 1972. The numbers and depth of the soil samples are shown in Table 111. In addition to the regular sampling schedule, some additional samples from Nordmoen Table 11. The vertical distribution of the symphyls (S) and pauropods (p) in a soil core taken at Nordmoen 25 June 1971. The humus horizon was about 2 cm thick. Depth of the soil slices in cm Number of s~m~h~ls (S) and pauropods (p) are included: on 25 June and 15 Oct. 1971 some soil samples of 33.2 cm2 were taken and subdivided into 2 cm and 3 cm thick siices respectively. On 9 Aug. 1972, 20 soil samples of 10 cm2 X 6 cm were taken. The extraction method used was a Macfadyen (1962) high gradient canister extractor. RESULTS Nordmoen The results from the monthly samples are shown in Table 1. Al1 the symphyls from these samples are Scolopendrello~sis subnuda (Hansen), and the only pauropod was a Paurobus lanceolatus Remv. From one of the 4 soil cores taken on 25 June 1971, 14 symphyls and 7 pauropods were extracted. Table 11 shows the vertical distribution of the animals. The following species were found: Symphyla: 1 Sytn~hylella vulgaris (Hansen) and 13 Scolopendrellopsis subnuda. Pauropoda: 7 Allopauropus verticillatus Scheller. In 7 soil cores taken 15 Oct. 1971 (4 cores 21 cm deep and 3 cores 12 cm deep), one pauropod - A. verticillatus - was found between 12 and 15 cm depth. Five of the samples from 9 Aug. 1972 contained one A. verticillatus each. Al1 were found in the mineral soil at 3-6 cm depth.
Symphyla and Pauropoda 163 Table 111. Number of symphyls (S) and pauropods (p) recorded at the Sl~rstad locality. Number of soil samples in brackets. 1972: 21 Sept. 25 Oct. 6 Dec. Depth of samples in cm 0-3 3-6 6-9 9-12 1973: 9 Feb. 22 Mar. 10 May 17 June 4 Aug. 4 Sept. Many pauropods but no symphyls were found in soil samples from the uppermost 3 cm of the humus. Pauropods were also extracted from the moss layer. Al1 belonged to P. lanceolatus. The results of Symphyla and Pauropoda from the regular samples are seen in Table 111. The only species found were S. sz~bnuda and P. lanceolatus. The fraction of soil cores with pauropods from each sampling day varied from O to 30 OJO, with a 17.2 OJO average for the whole sampIing period. The highest number of pauropods in one soil core was 30. The proportions of adults and the different instars of P. lanceolatus from each sampling day are seen in Table IV. Third instar to adult stages of symphyls were found throughout the year in both areas. DISCUSSION Symphyla According to Michelbacher (1949) the symphyls are found in al1 soil types, but they prefer soils with an open <strong>text</strong>ure as they are not capable of burrowing their own runways in the soil. In the present survey, the symphyls were not found in the uppermost part of the soil profile (Tables 1 and 111). In those instances where they were found between 6 and 9 cm depth at Slerstad, the raw humus layer was not more than 6 cm thick. At Nordmoen the humus horizon is much thinner, and here the symphyls are often found between 3 and 6 cm depth. It appears therefore that the transition between the mineral soil and the humus is an upper border for the vertical migration of the symphyls. The only possible exceptions to this are the two symphyls found between 3 and 6 cm depth at Slerstad 17 June 1973. However, it should be pointed out that the mineral soil rose a few mm in this soil slice. It is well known that symphyls are found in the deeper soil (Salt et al. 1948, Michelbacher 1949, Edwards 1958). Nevertheless, the conditions which these animals encounter in the mineral soil are quite different from soils which are sually considered to be optimum for symphyls. Edwards (1958) found that sand was the least favourable of symphyls. From these observations one would expect that the symphyls, like most of the
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Page 18 and 19: 132 L. Semme the autumn. The prelim
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Page 42 and 43: from anoxia. Drops of haemolymph we
Page 45 and 46: Notes on little known spiders in No
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Page 80 and 81: 194 F. E. Klausen REFERENCES Ardii,
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250 A. Lillehammer Muller, K. 1955.
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252 Bokanmeldelser produserende, en
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