CIB W116âSmart and Sustainable Built Environments - Test Input

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This Shrinking Island and the Housing Crisis: Unsustainable Sustainable Construction Gilkinson, N. Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI), School of the Built Environment (Sobe), The University of Salford (email: n.r.gilkinson@salford.ac.uk) Abbott, C. Salford Centre for Research and Innovation (SCRI), School of the Built Environment (Sobe), The University of Salford (email: c.abbott@salford.ac.uk) Abstract The position paper focus is predominantly on English housing supply and government intention to intensity production to satisfy population and household culture change with an additional 3 million new houses by 2020. Primary data provides detail on the drivers for house production increase, current housing stock, changes in government policy to speed up the planning and permission process and production enablers including Eco-towns. The author argues that although plans are to be executed to exemplary standards of sustainable construction large mass production on greenfield and greenbelt land does not off set the environmental pillar to sustainable development and is in fact unsustainable causing irreversible damage to the English countryside, devastating habitat and ecology through urban sprawl. Relevant consequences and activity associated with the production increase will ultimately increase carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) jeopardising national targets for reduction. Discussion and conclusion inform that government policy does not properly address the long term effects of sustainable construction off set. Keywords: house production, sprawl, unsustainable 131
1. Introduction: Drivers and investment At present there are plans in the U.K. to construct new houses to meet demand. There are concerns that this will cause environmental damage and urban sprawl as mixed messages are relayed from central government. The Town and County Planning Directive publish in 2005 inform of the ‘inappropriateness’ of development inside green belt and later in the document provides guidance on how local authority should assess and approve planning permission for housing in greenbelt areas (Town Planning Building Directive 2005). Two years later in 2007 the government communicate through their publication Homes for the Future that there will not be fundamental changes to the green belt policy though ‘edge of town’ developments will occur, effectively on greenbelt land (Homes for the Future 2007). At a time when sustainability is high on the political agenda this paper discusses central government housing related policy to establish whether or not potential solutions to meet housing demand are sufficient without placing irreversible strain upon the natural environment through green land development and potential urban sprawl. The following sections review England housing stock, drivers for supply increase, relevant targets and investment before addressing planning policy and the problems associated with the use of land and permissions granted. Subsequent sections discuss changes in government direction and solutions deployed to meet the housing challenge with intent to reduce ‘land take’ and urban sprawl. The author executed a full literature review of relevant primary data inclusive of government policy guidance documents, white paper, green papers, Building Regulations and Acts of Parliament that influence the use of English land in near future. 1.1 Housing production drivers English Housing demand is a challenge first recognised by Kate Barker in the government green paper ‘Review of Housing Supply: Delivering Stability’ (Barker 2004) that informs of a need for new house production to meet demand. This supply deficit is caused through a serious decline in new house construction which in 2003 was at its lowest since the Second World War with only 21,000 homes built (Building Research Establishment 2003). However, this demand in house production is effectively a dichotomy of population increase and a change in household culture. 1.1.1 Population increase The Office for National Statistics (ONS) in 2007 reported that there would be a 4.4 million population increase in the U.K. over subsequent years from 60.6 million in 2006 to 65 million by 2016, with an expected increase to 70 million by 2028. Increases over the next 6 years will be through combined fertility and migration with the majority of which taking place in England: with a total 8 % increase from 50.9 million in 2006 to 54.7 by 2016, an increase of 3.8 million. Children under the age of 16 is projected to increase by 4.8% from 11.5 million to 12.1 million by 2016, whilst life expectancy will increase for the oldest age band of over 75s from 4.7 to 5.5 million. New births are expected to make up 2.3 million of the increase with migration making up the other 2.1 million (Office of National Statistics 2007). Also advances in medicine means that people are living to an older age (Eco-town Prospectus 2008) with the ONS informing that the over 75’s will increase faster than other age groups (Office of National Statistics 2007) and the number of people aged over 85 will increase over the next 25 years from 1.3 million in 2008 to 3.3 million by 2033 (Office of National Statistics 2009). 132
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Proceedings W116 - Special Track 18
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            W116 ‐
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Inhibitors Influencing the Ad
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1. Methodology This paper proposes
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Figure 1: Brazilian Bioclimatic Zon
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4.2 Guidelines constructive from NB
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5. Case study 5.1 Sustainable strat
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Mahoney’s tables. This factor is
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this matter, and opts for construct
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Climate Change Related Environmenta
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2. Construction industry in the ASE
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eduction targets under the Kyoto Pr
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causing the governments to take on
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Availability of specific administra
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5. National and regional initiative
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The same Article provides further t
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Bisseck P (2003), “FEDEC: An Envi
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Evaluating Approaches for a Sustain
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material extraction in EU-27 in 200
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indications of the water and energy
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Union and other countries worldwide
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3.3.1 Actions and approaches in the
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uilding materials. Main criteria ar
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Bleischwitz R, Jacob K, Bahn-Walkow
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Oostra M.A.R., H.J Hermeler & L.H v
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Appendix Table 1 Governements, orga
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Table 3 Directions for solutions me
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1. Introduction The need to preserv
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In 1998 the Federal Government laun
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epairing; installation of water sav
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Table 1: Intervention plan for a fu
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climate, environmental quality of m
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commissioning of the water systems
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Education Challenges for Sustainabl
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2. Approach A generic green buildin
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Construction • Hold pre-construct
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3. Analysis of the current teaching
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tradition, however, project-based l
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with full, real-case sustainable de
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The Brazilian Agenda for Sustainabl
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The PNCDA developed some Technical
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The activities made for the develop
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Page 87 and 88: Ilha M S O, Oliveira L H, Gonçalve
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Page 127 and 128: Smith M. and Smith D. (2007), Imple
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Page 157 and 158: Literature review Carefully map the
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1. Introduction Concrete is a compo
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Figure 1 Carbon flows through cemen
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with 25% replacement obtained pract
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0.6mm in diameter after crushed. In
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concrete and the impurities present
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Tawfik M E and Eskander S B. (2006)
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1. Introduction After Industrial Re
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2.2 Goal and scope Acquiring from e
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Table 2 shows that, quantity of raw
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national environmental agencies hav
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claddings and especially waterproof
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Acknowledgement The authors gratefu
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1. Introduction 1.1 Urban constrain
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countries (Cole and Larsson, 2002);
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emissions environment Solid waste R
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The systems approach is similar, al
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alternative means of transportation
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Flexibility SU3 Adaptability SU4 SU
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References Richard Rogers and Phili
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1. Introduction During the last few
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Regardless of its popularity, emerg
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emoans the fact that of the plethor
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3.3.2 Buildings Zimmermann et al. (
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3.3.5 Energy generation and transmi
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Kennedy, C., Bristow, D. et al., 20
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Linking Energy and Maintenance Mana
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Building Energy Performance Needed
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2.1 2.1 Case study #1, District Lev
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UCSF Facilities Management Group. T
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2.3 Case study #3, Central Plant BA
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2.3.4 Lessons learned The following
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• Return on investment (ROI) •
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Ring, P. (2006). The Application of
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1. Introduction “Physical archite
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independent living and help to crea
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our ways of living creating the sen
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An issue to consider is that Ambien
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sensorial diseases / impairments is
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Eurostat (2007) Population and soci
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1. Introduction Information regardi
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economic opportunities on the other
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accommodate a total population esti
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• population and structure owners
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3.3.4 Discussion of Results Documen
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4.1 Using the results for decision
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4.2 Enhancing participation using G
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4. Conclusion The potential uses of
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Schlossberg, M. and Shuford, E. (20
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1. Introduction The purpose of this
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and evaluation of the surrounding u
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• the use of multiple methods and
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complex, with the creation of a bio
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Thus, made these considerations of
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A Life-Cycle Approach to Reducing R
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“4. Accept the responsibility for
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The following analysis describes th
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words, using existing building mate
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90% by using recovered materials. O
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Assigning direct costs to selected
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Napier, Thomas R., D. McKay, and N.
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“Black Box Opener” Tool to Asse
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2.1 The main characteristics of ind
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design in the use of resources, imp
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Shen et al (2004) developed a descr
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initial data collection is carried
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Gavilan R M and Bernold L E (1994)
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International Council for Research
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CIB General Secretariat post box 18
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