CIB W116âSmart and Sustainable Built Environments - Test Input

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Technology and Governance: Enhancing Participation Using Geographical Information Tools (GIS) in Low Income Settlements Mbathi, M. School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, UK (email: musyimi.mbathi@ncl.ac.uk) Abstract This paper explores how the integration of technology based tools (Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing) in settlement mapping and subsequent upgrading using has impacted on planning processes particularly with regards to community participation in Kenyan context. Upgrading programmes are designed to address the existing poor infrastructure conditions or lack of secure tenure usually associated with informal settlements. Planning processes have adopted inclusive approaches which are geared towards getting all actors including the resident communities, involved in decision making and planning for interventions. GIS tools offer a platform for integration of spatial and non spatial data as well as visualisation of the settlements. The capabilities offered by these tools have enabled communities to participate especially in the planning and management of new infrastructure as well as settlement upgrading. As development-related decision-making invariably has an explicit spatial context or component, a part of the information processing and exchange will be spatial or geographic information. Participation in development issues therefore involves at least a component of spatial information. The paper examines the context and implication of technology adoption within planning at settlement level within low income settlements of Kenya. Keywords: GIS, informal settlements, participation 259
1. Introduction Information regarding attributes of human settlement is important for decision makers at all levels of planning, as they have to grapple with dynamic environments often associated with settlements. At the local level, it is particularly important for both communities and urban managers to have accurate and reliable information regarding all planning attributes. The use of GIS tools in settlement mapping and upgrading provides a platform for integration of spatial and non spatial data necessary for planning and decision making. The capabilities offered by these tools such as visualisation have enabled communities to participate in settlement planning and upgrading including the management of new infrastructure. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) including GIS and remote sensing, are regarded as one way to support integration of local knowledge and scientific information and to support spatial planning (Freitas and Tagliani, 2009; Kyem, 2004). GIS has the capabilities to manage large spatial datasets, while the integrated spatial analysis tools allow decision makers to make more informed decisions with the development of multiple scenarios (Isaak and Hurbert, 1997). Settlement upgrading work carried out in New Rest settlement, Cape Town, South Africa demonstrated how spatial information and GIS was valuable and could be applied in settlement upgrading. In this case spatial data related to the shacks (structures), their occupants and physical conditions was analysed within a GIS environment. A settlement database linking structures, infrastructure and demographic characteristics was developed and used to generate spatial models of the settlement. Aerial photos in this case were used to provide spatial data regarding the settlement. Community surveys and observation methods were used to obtain demographic data and infrastructure data respectively (Abbott, 2002). Abbott maintains that GIS facilitates a visual representation of spatial and attribute data which provides the underpinning technology for informal settlement upgrading, while geospatial information management provides the framework for the wider upgrading to support their negotiations with the local authority. In similar settlement upgrading programmes in Philippines, communities used aerial photos and satellite imagery for data acquisition. Analysis of these images was carried out using a process termed “participatory image interpretation”(Gonzalez, 2000). Images and aerial photographs on settlements are an important instrument in mobilizing residents since they provide an overview of their areas for identifying problem areas and exploring possible solutions together with planners (Nostrand, 1986). In an upgrading project in Kosovo, data obtained by way of community survey and aerial photos was entered into a database and GIS respectively. Working in a GIS environment allowed for data to be mapped and spatially represented.. . A unique approach was adopted in this project where data compiled was handed over to the community for authentication and reference. This approach showed a move in the direction of ‘action oriented’ urban planning theory because the data did not remain in the hands of the municipal office, but was given back to the community it represented allowing them to use it for their own as well as other purposes. The case presented here depicts a good example of the collaboration between local community and local organisations and the city / municipal authority and use of GIS tools for informal settlement planning (Garstka, 2009). 260
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Proceedings W116 - Special Track 18
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            W116 ‐
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Inhibitors Influencing the Ad
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1. Methodology This paper proposes
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Figure 1: Brazilian Bioclimatic Zon
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4.2 Guidelines constructive from NB
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5. Case study 5.1 Sustainable strat
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Mahoney’s tables. This factor is
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this matter, and opts for construct
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Climate Change Related Environmenta
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2. Construction industry in the ASE
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eduction targets under the Kyoto Pr
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causing the governments to take on
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Availability of specific administra
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5. National and regional initiative
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The same Article provides further t
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Bisseck P (2003), “FEDEC: An Envi
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Evaluating Approaches for a Sustain
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material extraction in EU-27 in 200
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indications of the water and energy
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Union and other countries worldwide
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3.3.1 Actions and approaches in the
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uilding materials. Main criteria ar
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Bleischwitz R, Jacob K, Bahn-Walkow
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Oostra M.A.R., H.J Hermeler & L.H v
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Appendix Table 1 Governements, orga
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Table 3 Directions for solutions me
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1. Introduction The need to preserv
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In 1998 the Federal Government laun
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epairing; installation of water sav
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Table 1: Intervention plan for a fu
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climate, environmental quality of m
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commissioning of the water systems
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Education Challenges for Sustainabl
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2. Approach A generic green buildin
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Construction • Hold pre-construct
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3. Analysis of the current teaching
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tradition, however, project-based l
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with full, real-case sustainable de
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The Brazilian Agenda for Sustainabl
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The PNCDA developed some Technical
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The activities made for the develop
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Table 1: Guidelines for a regional
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Ilha M S O, Oliveira L H, Gonçalve
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1. Introduction Sustainable design
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(3) Energy efficiency: Energy effic
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Figure 2: Simplified Feng Shui Mode
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Figure 5: Location of Workplace6 (S
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Figure 9: View of Central Atrium (S
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attributes, such as, light, thermal
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McLennan, J.F. (2004) The Philosoph
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1. Introduction The term “green
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Udechukwu and Johnson (2008) descri
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Household lighting alone will thus
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4. Research method In adopting a su
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Archiving/Storage facilities 0.699
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therefore be encouraged to use inve
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Managing Quality and Environmental
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development of a computer-based sys
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4. The action research case study A
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* * NCP_NC 1..* * 0..1 BusinessPart
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Figure 3 shows one of the forms for
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Dubinski J. Gruszka E. and Krodkiew
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Smith M. and Smith D. (2007), Imple
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1. Introduction In this article a m
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county function of the value of the
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• Difficulty in generalizing resu
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Dalkey, N. C. (1969). Memorandum RM
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1. Introduction: Drivers and invest
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that set out housing development in
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would consist of zilch underdevelop
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of this statement was to enable pla
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government intention for such devel
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Barker K (2004) Review of Housing S
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Planning Policy Guidance Note 3: Ho
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1. Introduction 1.1 Background to t
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Table 1: Contrasts between the conc
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their contribution Community empowe
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Literature review Carefully map the
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Facilities Management (FM) New FM a
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Pearce, J. (2003) Social Enterprise
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1. Introduction According to Edward
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Figure 1: Three Perspectives on sus
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Instead, their main concern is mere
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• Both cement stabilised products
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implementation of earth as an alter
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Smith, E. W. and Austin, G. S. (198
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1. Introduction According to Morton
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13. Earth buildings provide better
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Figure 1: Inhibitors of earth const
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4. Inhibitors influencing the adopt
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Blondet, M. and Aguilar, R. (2007).
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Mubaiwa, A. (2002). Earth as an alt
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1. Introduction Concrete is a compo
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Figure 1 Carbon flows through cemen
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with 25% replacement obtained pract
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0.6mm in diameter after crushed. In
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concrete and the impurities present
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Tawfik M E and Eskander S B. (2006)
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1. Introduction After Industrial Re
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2.2 Goal and scope Acquiring from e
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Table 2 shows that, quantity of raw
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national environmental agencies hav
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claddings and especially waterproof
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Acknowledgement The authors gratefu
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1. Introduction 1.1 Urban constrain
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Page 223 and 224: References Richard Rogers and Phili
Page 225 and 226: 1. Introduction During the last few
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Page 229 and 230: emoans the fact that of the plethor
Page 231 and 232: 3.3.2 Buildings Zimmermann et al. (
Page 233 and 234: 3.3.5 Energy generation and transmi
Page 235 and 236: Kennedy, C., Bristow, D. et al., 20
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Page 241 and 242: 2.1 2.1 Case study #1, District Lev
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Page 245 and 246: 2.3 Case study #3, Central Plant BA
Page 247 and 248: 2.3.4 Lessons learned The following
Page 249 and 250: • Return on investment (ROI) •
Page 251 and 252: Ring, P. (2006). The Application of
Page 253 and 254: 1. Introduction “Physical archite
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Page 257 and 258: our ways of living creating the sen
Page 259 and 260: An issue to consider is that Ambien
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Page 263: Eurostat (2007) Population and soci
Page 267 and 268: economic opportunities on the other
Page 269 and 270: accommodate a total population esti
Page 271 and 272: • population and structure owners
Page 273 and 274: 3.3.4 Discussion of Results Documen
Page 275 and 276: 4.1 Using the results for decision
Page 277 and 278: 4.2 Enhancing participation using G
Page 279 and 280: 4. Conclusion The potential uses of
Page 281 and 282: Schlossberg, M. and Shuford, E. (20
Page 283 and 284: 1. Introduction The purpose of this
Page 285 and 286: and evaluation of the surrounding u
Page 287 and 288: • the use of multiple methods and
Page 289 and 290: complex, with the creation of a bio
Page 291 and 292: Thus, made these considerations of
Page 293 and 294: A Life-Cycle Approach to Reducing R
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Page 299 and 300: words, using existing building mate
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Page 305 and 306: Napier, Thomas R., D. McKay, and N.
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Page 309 and 310: 2.1 The main characteristics of ind
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initial data collection is carried
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Gavilan R M and Bernold L E (1994)
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International Council for Research
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CIB General Secretariat post box 18
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CIB W116âSmart and Sustainable Built Environments - Test Input