CIB W116âSmart and Sustainable Built Environments - Test Input

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Influence of Contemporary Earth Construction on Environmental Sustainability in the United Kingdom Zami, M.S. School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, UK (email: m.s.zami@pgr.salford.ac.uk) Lee, A. School of the Built Environment, The University of Salford, UK (email: a.lee@salford.ac.uk) Abstract Stabilised earth is an alternative building material which is comparatively cheaper and environmentally sustainable compared to conventional brick and concrete. Although the United Kingdom does have a well structured and effective program to address environmental sustainability through the use of appropriate construction materials, the use of contemporary stabilised earth construction is not widespread. More surprisingly, most construction industry professionals in the United Kingdom do not even know about this technology. This paper aims to identify and highlight the potential of contemporary earthen architecture in the achievement of environmental sustainability in the United Kingdom. A critical literature review method was adopted in this study to investigate how the widespread use of stabilised earth construction in the United Kingdom can reduce carbon dioxide emission and contribute towards the achievement of environmental sustainability. Keywords: stabilised earth construction, environmental sustainability 157
1. Introduction According to Edwards (2005, p3), fifty percent of all resources consumed across the planet is used in construction, making it one of the least sustainable industries in the world; and the World Health Organisation estimated in 2003 that global warming was causing 150000 deaths a year. Edwards (2005, p9) also stated that by 2050 it is anticipated that the human will have four times the environmental impact it had in 2000 (based on a 2% annual economic growth and a global population of 10 billion). The EU estimates that air pollution from traffic is the second biggest killer in Europe, leading to 60000 deaths a year from bronchitis, asthma and heart disease (European Environment Agency, 2001). According to Easton (1996), rammed earth (RE) construction is a cheap way of providing shelter since earth is an abundant resource. Frescura (1981) writes, “in addition to its political, economic, social and ecological advantages, earth has great cultural and architectural importance.” Construction in earth has the uniqueness of manifesting cultural heritage, and encouraging the continued use of the material helps to maintain and preserve the craftsmanship and cultural values embedded in earth building. According to Morton (2007), earth bricks and blocks can be a substitute for concrete blocks in most internal applications, where it is not suitable for external use due to the severe climatic reasons. However, earth has been used as a construction material in every continent and in every age. The use of earth on site as a building material saves manufacturing cost, energy, environmental pollution and transportation cost (Allinson and Hall, 2007). In order to demonstrate stabilised earth as a sustainable construction material, the experiences and practices of using earth construction can be studied and harnessed from other developed countries (Zami and Lee, 2007) to demonstrate the dynamism of this material suitable for construction in the United Kingdom. Contemporary stabilised rammed earth (SRE) materials have low embodied energy content because approximately 95% of the raw materials are unfired and recently the use of crushed recycled aggregates (demolition waste from bricks, concrete or SRE itself) is increasingly used instead of virgin sub-soil (Allinson and Hall, 2007). The main drivers towards sustainability in UK construction are currently reduction in embodied carbon and waste production (Morton, 2007). Despite the potentials of contemporary earthen architecture in the achievement of environmental sustainability the widespread use of stabilised earth is rare in the United Kingdom as Smith (2000) states, “When I tell people I build cob houses, they often imagine structures made of corn cobs.” This paper aims to highlight the potentials of contemporary earthen architecture in the achievement of environmental sustainability in the UK. 2. Environmental sustainability in the United Kingdom It is estimated that the construction and the operation of buildings is responsible for around half of all global carbon dioxide emissions, thereby contributing the largest single source attributable to climate change (Allinson and Hall, 2007). According to Edwards (2005, p22), buildings are big users of raw materials and the environmental capital locked in them is enormous, as is the waste footprint:- • Materials: - 60% of all resources globally go into construction (roads, buildings, etc.). 158
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Proceedings W116 - Special Track 18
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            W116 ‐
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Inhibitors Influencing the Ad
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1. Methodology This paper proposes
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Figure 1: Brazilian Bioclimatic Zon
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4.2 Guidelines constructive from NB
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5. Case study 5.1 Sustainable strat
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Mahoney’s tables. This factor is
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this matter, and opts for construct
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Climate Change Related Environmenta
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2. Construction industry in the ASE
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eduction targets under the Kyoto Pr
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causing the governments to take on
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Availability of specific administra
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5. National and regional initiative
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The same Article provides further t
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Bisseck P (2003), “FEDEC: An Envi
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Evaluating Approaches for a Sustain
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material extraction in EU-27 in 200
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indications of the water and energy
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Union and other countries worldwide
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3.3.1 Actions and approaches in the
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uilding materials. Main criteria ar
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Bleischwitz R, Jacob K, Bahn-Walkow
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Oostra M.A.R., H.J Hermeler & L.H v
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Appendix Table 1 Governements, orga
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Table 3 Directions for solutions me
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1. Introduction The need to preserv
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In 1998 the Federal Government laun
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epairing; installation of water sav
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Table 1: Intervention plan for a fu
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climate, environmental quality of m
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commissioning of the water systems
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Education Challenges for Sustainabl
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2. Approach A generic green buildin
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Construction • Hold pre-construct
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3. Analysis of the current teaching
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tradition, however, project-based l
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with full, real-case sustainable de
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The Brazilian Agenda for Sustainabl
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The PNCDA developed some Technical
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The activities made for the develop
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Table 1: Guidelines for a regional
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Ilha M S O, Oliveira L H, Gonçalve
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1. Introduction Sustainable design
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(3) Energy efficiency: Energy effic
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Figure 2: Simplified Feng Shui Mode
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Figure 5: Location of Workplace6 (S
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Figure 9: View of Central Atrium (S
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attributes, such as, light, thermal
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McLennan, J.F. (2004) The Philosoph
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1. Introduction The term “green
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Udechukwu and Johnson (2008) descri
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Household lighting alone will thus
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4. Research method In adopting a su
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countries (Cole and Larsson, 2002);
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emissions environment Solid waste R
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The systems approach is similar, al
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alternative means of transportation
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Flexibility SU3 Adaptability SU4 SU
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References Richard Rogers and Phili
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1. Introduction During the last few
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Regardless of its popularity, emerg
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emoans the fact that of the plethor
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3.3.2 Buildings Zimmermann et al. (
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3.3.5 Energy generation and transmi
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Kennedy, C., Bristow, D. et al., 20
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Linking Energy and Maintenance Mana
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Building Energy Performance Needed
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2.1 2.1 Case study #1, District Lev
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UCSF Facilities Management Group. T
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2.3 Case study #3, Central Plant BA
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2.3.4 Lessons learned The following
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• Return on investment (ROI) •
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Ring, P. (2006). The Application of
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1. Introduction “Physical archite
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independent living and help to crea
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our ways of living creating the sen
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An issue to consider is that Ambien
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sensorial diseases / impairments is
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Eurostat (2007) Population and soci
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1. Introduction Information regardi
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economic opportunities on the other
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accommodate a total population esti
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• population and structure owners
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3.3.4 Discussion of Results Documen
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4.1 Using the results for decision
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4.2 Enhancing participation using G
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4. Conclusion The potential uses of
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Schlossberg, M. and Shuford, E. (20
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1. Introduction The purpose of this
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and evaluation of the surrounding u
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• the use of multiple methods and
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complex, with the creation of a bio
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Thus, made these considerations of
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A Life-Cycle Approach to Reducing R
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“4. Accept the responsibility for
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The following analysis describes th
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words, using existing building mate
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90% by using recovered materials. O
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Assigning direct costs to selected
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Napier, Thomas R., D. McKay, and N.
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“Black Box Opener” Tool to Asse
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2.1 The main characteristics of ind
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design in the use of resources, imp
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Shen et al (2004) developed a descr
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initial data collection is carried
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Gavilan R M and Bernold L E (1994)
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International Council for Research
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CIB General Secretariat post box 18
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CIB W116âSmart and Sustainable Built Environments - Test Input