CIB W116âSmart and Sustainable Built Environments - Test Input

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The Environmental Impact of Recycled Concrete Vefago, L.H.M. School of Architecture, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Spain (email: luizvefago@gmail.com) Avellaneda, J. School of Architecture, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Spain (email: jaume.avellaneda@upc.edu) Abstract Concrete is a building material used worldwide and consumes large amounts of raw materials. The concrete structure is cheaper than steel structures; the raw materials can be found in almost anywhere and can be moulded easily. Nevertheless, the concrete industry produces a lot of waste and the old concrete many times goes to landfills. The aim of this work is identify, in a critical way, the aspects related to the concrete used in the ‘sustainable’ architecture developed nowadays. Concrete has many advantages respect other materials, but can not be recycled in the same way if compare to metals, for instance. Actually, it occurs a downcycling, because the old concrete is transformed in recycled aggregate and the new concrete made with this recycled aggregate needs new cement. Sand, gravel, limestone and other materials many times are extracted from nature on a destructive way. The recycled aggregate production is about 5% of the total aggregates needed to supply the construction industry. As other industries, the transformation activities to produce concrete generate waste. The standards are mostly conservative and the amount of recycled concrete aggregates used normally does not exceed 20% in weight on coarse aggregates. Furthermore, there is always a residual concrete which is located at the concrete mixer truck at the end of each day. This concrete is treated as a waste and many times is discarded with no or little environmental control. These and other factors contribute to reduce the natural resources and to increase the amount of waste. From the development of this paper it can be noticed that the actual recycled concrete can not be characterized as sustainable, because there are many issues that must be solved until it becomes a real sustainable material. Keywords: sustainability, concrete, recycling, waste 181
1. Introduction Concrete is a compound material many used in buildings, mainly in multi-storey buildings. Cement is a material that needs 1 to 1.5 metric ton of lime; uses a lot of energy for its production, around 4000 MJ/metric ton and releases 0.8 to 2 metric ton of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere to produce the clinker (Kumar et al, 2006). A building made of reinforced concrete structure is demolished at the end of its lifecycle and its residues are normally sent to the landfills. Nevertheless, all the concrete mass treated as waste can be incorporated into new concretes in the form of aggregates. Another issue that helps to increase recycling aggregate is the difficult to find natural aggregates locally (Topçu and Günçan, 1995). The higher price of natural aggregates contributes to increasing the concrete price and decreasing the materials resources available for next generations. Transport of such aggregates is a problem of costs too, because aggregates are heavy and low-price products. 2. Recycled aggregates Natural aggregates are products made of sand and crushed stone; and recycling aggregates are made mainly of crushed concrete and asphalt pavement (Goonan, 2000). According to the same author, natural aggregates corresponded to 36% of total raw materials produced by United States in 1900. There was a growth in production along six decades, which increased the proportion of natural aggregates up to 70% respect to the total raw materials. Since these years the percentage of natural aggregates is more and less steady, around 70 to 73% of all raw materials demand. Aggregates are the most used materials in the world, because they are available in almost sites on the planet, which makes their price is very low. Only in United States are extracted 3,000 million metric tons of coarse and fine aggregates per year. It has started to study the applications of recycled aggregates in concrete in the way to diminishing the environmental impact caused by natural aggregate extraction, due to the enormous quantity of natural aggregate used in buildings construction. Normally, the decision of sending the construction and demolition wastes to the landfills or to a recycling plant is responsibility of a firm contracted to demolish the building (Goonan, 2000). In this case, the firm studies economic aspects and local laws. Goonan (2000) argues that the recycled aggregates market in The United States correspond to 5% of the total aggregates market of that country and are used in low cost applications. One of the causes of this low percentage is the fact that recycled aggregates of construction and demolition wastes do not have uniform quality. From this, test results can be very different, which decreases the confidence of architects and engineers for using recycled aggregates. However, many researches have been made in this area to create standards and recommendations with the aim to encourage the use of recycled aggregates. Some of the limitations in using recycled aggregates are respect to transport, the quality of aggregates and the raw materials availability which in this case is highways and buildings that will be demolished. Transportation cost has to be low and the demand for demolishing structures must guarantee a constant supply of aggregates and force the market to stay at large cities. The growing urbanization, mainly after The Second World War has created a great demand for new buildings and 182
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Proceedings W116 - Special Track 18
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            W116 ‐
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Inhibitors Influencing the Ad
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1. Methodology This paper proposes
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Figure 1: Brazilian Bioclimatic Zon
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4.2 Guidelines constructive from NB
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5. Case study 5.1 Sustainable strat
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Mahoney’s tables. This factor is
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this matter, and opts for construct
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Climate Change Related Environmenta
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2. Construction industry in the ASE
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eduction targets under the Kyoto Pr
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causing the governments to take on
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Availability of specific administra
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5. National and regional initiative
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The same Article provides further t
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Bisseck P (2003), “FEDEC: An Envi
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Evaluating Approaches for a Sustain
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material extraction in EU-27 in 200
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indications of the water and energy
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Union and other countries worldwide
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3.3.1 Actions and approaches in the
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uilding materials. Main criteria ar
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Bleischwitz R, Jacob K, Bahn-Walkow
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Oostra M.A.R., H.J Hermeler & L.H v
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Appendix Table 1 Governements, orga
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Table 3 Directions for solutions me
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1. Introduction The need to preserv
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In 1998 the Federal Government laun
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epairing; installation of water sav
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Table 1: Intervention plan for a fu
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climate, environmental quality of m
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commissioning of the water systems
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Education Challenges for Sustainabl
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2. Approach A generic green buildin
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Construction • Hold pre-construct
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3. Analysis of the current teaching
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tradition, however, project-based l
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with full, real-case sustainable de
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The Brazilian Agenda for Sustainabl
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The PNCDA developed some Technical
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The activities made for the develop
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Table 1: Guidelines for a regional
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Ilha M S O, Oliveira L H, Gonçalve
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1. Introduction Sustainable design
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(3) Energy efficiency: Energy effic
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Figure 2: Simplified Feng Shui Mode
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Figure 5: Location of Workplace6 (S
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Figure 9: View of Central Atrium (S
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attributes, such as, light, thermal
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McLennan, J.F. (2004) The Philosoph
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1. Introduction The term “green
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Udechukwu and Johnson (2008) descri
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Household lighting alone will thus
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4. Research method In adopting a su
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Archiving/Storage facilities 0.699
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therefore be encouraged to use inve
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Managing Quality and Environmental
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development of a computer-based sys
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4. The action research case study A
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* * NCP_NC 1..* * 0..1 BusinessPart
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Figure 3 shows one of the forms for
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Dubinski J. Gruszka E. and Krodkiew
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Smith M. and Smith D. (2007), Imple
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1. Introduction In this article a m
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county function of the value of the
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• Difficulty in generalizing resu
Page 135 and 136: Dalkey, N. C. (1969). Memorandum RM
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Page 147 and 148: Barker K (2004) Review of Housing S
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Page 151 and 152: 1. Introduction 1.1 Background to t
Page 153 and 154: Table 1: Contrasts between the conc
Page 155 and 156: their contribution Community empowe
Page 157 and 158: Literature review Carefully map the
Page 159 and 160: Facilities Management (FM) New FM a
Page 161 and 162: Pearce, J. (2003) Social Enterprise
Page 163 and 164: 1. Introduction According to Edward
Page 165 and 166: Figure 1: Three Perspectives on sus
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Page 169 and 170: • Both cement stabilised products
Page 171 and 172: implementation of earth as an alter
Page 173 and 174: Smith, E. W. and Austin, G. S. (198
Page 175 and 176: 1. Introduction According to Morton
Page 177 and 178: 13. Earth buildings provide better
Page 179 and 180: Figure 1: Inhibitors of earth const
Page 181 and 182: 4. Inhibitors influencing the adopt
Page 183 and 184: Blondet, M. and Aguilar, R. (2007).
Page 185: Mubaiwa, A. (2002). Earth as an alt
Page 189 and 190: Figure 1 Carbon flows through cemen
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Page 223 and 224: References Richard Rogers and Phili
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Linking Energy and Maintenance Mana
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Building Energy Performance Needed
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2.1 2.1 Case study #1, District Lev
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UCSF Facilities Management Group. T
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2.3 Case study #3, Central Plant BA
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2.3.4 Lessons learned The following
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• Return on investment (ROI) •
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Ring, P. (2006). The Application of
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1. Introduction “Physical archite
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independent living and help to crea
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our ways of living creating the sen
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An issue to consider is that Ambien
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sensorial diseases / impairments is
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Eurostat (2007) Population and soci
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1. Introduction Information regardi
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economic opportunities on the other
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accommodate a total population esti
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• population and structure owners
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3.3.4 Discussion of Results Documen
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4.1 Using the results for decision
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4.2 Enhancing participation using G
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4. Conclusion The potential uses of
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Schlossberg, M. and Shuford, E. (20
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1. Introduction The purpose of this
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and evaluation of the surrounding u
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• the use of multiple methods and
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complex, with the creation of a bio
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Thus, made these considerations of
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A Life-Cycle Approach to Reducing R
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“4. Accept the responsibility for
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The following analysis describes th
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words, using existing building mate
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90% by using recovered materials. O
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Assigning direct costs to selected
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Napier, Thomas R., D. McKay, and N.
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“Black Box Opener” Tool to Asse
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2.1 The main characteristics of ind
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design in the use of resources, imp
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Shen et al (2004) developed a descr
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initial data collection is carried
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Gavilan R M and Bernold L E (1994)
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International Council for Research
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CIB General Secretariat post box 18
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