Joel A Lewis Youth Against Fascism.pdf
Joel A Lewis Youth Against Fascism.pdf
Joel A Lewis Youth Against Fascism.pdf
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NOTES<br />
96. Bard, "Capitalism Brings Forth The Little One," The Young Worker: Official Organ of the Young Communist League USA<br />
(Section of the Young Communist International) 8, no.24 (November 27, 1930): 4.<br />
97. "Prepare National <strong>Youth</strong> Day," The Young Worker: Official Organ of the Young Communist League USA (Section of the<br />
Young Communist International) 11, no.7 (May 10, 1933): 1.<br />
98. "Birds of a Feather," The Young Worker: Official Organ of the Young Communist League USA (Section of the Young<br />
Communist International) 11, no.7 (May 10, 1933): 5.<br />
99. NECYCLUSA, "Unite <strong>Against</strong> <strong>Fascism</strong>, Hunger and War! Young Communist League Calls For United Fight," The Young<br />
Worker: Official Organ of the Young Communist League USA (Section of the Young Communist International) 11, no.6<br />
(April 26, 1933): 8.<br />
100. Ibid., 8.<br />
101. "How We Organized a United Front for <strong>Youth</strong> Relief," YCL Builder 1, no.3 (November, 1932): 7.<br />
102. Walter Francis, "Leadership Working Below and Developing Struggles Thru Solid Personal Contacts With the Young<br />
Workers," YCL Organizer 1, no.1 (September, 1932): 9, 10.<br />
103. "How a Fraction Should Work: A Problem and an Answer," YCL Builder 1, no.7 (May, 1933): 15.<br />
104. Michal, 41.<br />
105. "Militarization and Fascization of the <strong>Youth</strong> and the Tasks of Young Communist Leagues," The Young Worker: Official<br />
Organ of the Young Communist League USA (Section of the Young Communist International) 12, no.7 (March 27, 1934):<br />
1a.<br />
106. Ibid., 2a.<br />
107. Gil Green, "Tasks of YCL, USA in the Fight <strong>Against</strong> Boss War and <strong>Fascism</strong>," The Young Worker: Official Organ of the<br />
Young Communist League USA (Section of the Young Communist International) 12, no.7 (March 27, 1934): 4a.<br />
108. See Henry Winston, Character Building and Education in the Spirit of Socialism (New York: New Age Publishers, 1939).<br />
109. Phil Schatz, "Civilization <strong>Against</strong> Hitler," Young Communist Review 3, no.10 (December, 1938): 13-14.<br />
110. Gil Green, "The Path Towards <strong>Youth</strong> Unity," Young Communist Review 1, no.1 (September, 1936): 6.<br />
111. Cohen, When the Old Left, 19.<br />
112. Gil Green, "Sweet Sixteen," 5.<br />
113. Abraham Edel, The Struggle for Academic Democracy: Lessons From the 1938 "Revolution" in New York's City Colleges<br />
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), 39-40.<br />
114. Quoted in James Wechler, Revolt on the Campus (New York: Covici and Friede, 1935), 224-225.<br />
115. Eileen Eagan, Class, Culture and the Classroom: The Student Peace Movement of the 1930's (Philadelphia: Temple University<br />
Press, 1981), 134.<br />
116. Joseph Starobin, "Fourth Annual Congress of American Students Union," World <strong>Youth</strong> Review 1, no. 2 (February, 1939):<br />
35.<br />
117. Leaders of the YCLGB had grown accustom to legal persecution since their inception, especially when Bolshevik antimilitarist<br />
techniques made YCLers vulnerable to persecution under sedition laws. Prior to and during the 1926 General<br />
Strike, the British Government severely persecuted leading members of the CPGB and the YCL under the "Incitement to<br />
Mutiny Act of 1797." At the time the YCL commented that the "vicious attacks by the Government of reaction" had not<br />
broken the will of the YCL, but had instead resulted in making it "more stronger and united." See YCLGB, A Congress of<br />
Young Fighters: A Report of the Fourth Congress of the Young Communist League of Great Britain (London: YCLGB,<br />
1926), 35.<br />
118. See Robert Benewick, A Study of British <strong>Fascism</strong>: Political Violence and Public Order (London: Allen Lane, 1969), Chp.<br />
11 "The Public Order Act."<br />
119. See "Hoover Government Bans Young Worker: Ban of <strong>Youth</strong> Paper Seen as War Step, Plot to Gag Labor," The Young<br />
Worker 9, no.1 (January 1, 1931): 1; "Membership in YCL Sedition Says Court: Get Ten Years For Anti-War Leaflet,"<br />
The Young Worker 9, no.5 (February 16, 1931): 1.<br />
120. Mike Martini, "A Lesson From New York" Young Communist Review1, no. 3 (December, 1936): 7.<br />
121. Fred Cox, "A People's Movement in the South" Young Communist Review 2, no. 3 (March, 1937): 11.<br />
122. Although it was a powerful youth statement against war, the timing of its passage only ten days after Hitler's ascension to<br />
the German chancellorship created an element of social fear that progressive British youth had inadvertently strengthened<br />
the militant resolve of the fascists. See Martin Ceadel, "The 'King and Country' Debate, 1933: Student Politics, Pacifism<br />
and the Dictators," The Historical Journal 22, No. 2 (June, 1979): 397-422.<br />
123. Terry Cooney, "New Readings on the Old Left," American Literary History 11, no. 1 (Spring, 1999): 159.<br />
124. G. Wilhelm Kunze, "Race and <strong>Youth</strong>," in Free America! Six Addresses on the Aims and Purposes of the German American<br />
Bund (New York: AV Publishing, 1939), 14.<br />
125. Strack, "Answering Questions On Collective Security," 11.<br />
126. Joe Cohen, "In Review – War Our Heritage," Young Communist Review 2, no.1 (January, 1937) : 6.<br />
127. "For Peace and Social Advance by the Defeat of the Chamberlain Government," Our <strong>Youth</strong>: Discussion Magazine of the<br />
Young Communist League 2, no.4 (April, 1939): 105.<br />
128. "Editorials," Young Communist Review 3, no.1 (March, 1938): 5.<br />
129. Mac Weiss, "Four Years of the American <strong>Youth</strong> Congress," Young Communist Review 3, no.10 (December, 1938): 3.<br />
130. Elizabeth Shields-Collins, "We Shall One Day Achieve Our Goal," in Official Program of the Second World <strong>Youth</strong> Congress<br />
(New York: Academy Press, 1939), 1.<br />
131. "The World <strong>Youth</strong> Congress Movement" World <strong>Youth</strong> Review 1, no. 1 (January, 1939): 16.<br />
132. Quoted in Joseph Lash, Eleanor Roosevelt: A Friend's Memoir (New York: Doubleday, 1964), 6.<br />
133. Margot Kettle, "Recollections of a Younger World," 16.<br />
134. The greatest service that young Communists gave the Spanish Republic was not in their literature and domestic campaigns<br />
of solidarity, but in the voluntary military service they offered as members of the International Brigades. Willi Münzenberg,<br />
the founding leader of the young communist movement, proposed the idea of the International Brigades to international<br />
Communist Leader Georgi Dimitrov in September, 1936 to lend international military and political assistance to the<br />
Spanish Republic. Throughout the short history of the International Brigades, over 40,000 volunteers representing over 50<br />
nationalities fought in Spain, offering their lives in the protection of "democracy, freedom and the peace of the world."<br />
135. Exact figures for the participation of young communists in the International Brigades are difficult to calculate since older<br />
YCLers could hold joint membership in the Communist Party. Observations about the "large proportion" of YCLers in the<br />
Brigades is based off from observations in YCL propaganda that made constant reference to the "significant" and "leading"<br />
contributions that youth were contributing to the efforts of the Brigades. Other secondary sources on the Spanish<br />
165