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Zapata initially supported the anti-reelectionist movement of Francisco I. Madero, and formed the Liberation Army of the South to fight for the Maderista revolt. But once Madero became president, Zapata quickly became disenchanted. He realized that Madero would not institute true agrarian reform. In fact, Madero was from a family of rich land-owners, and while in many ways his heart was in the right place, he was not about to expropriate the lands of members of his own class. Therefore, just around the time Madero was sworn in as president, Zapata and his men issued the Plan de Ayala (1911), in which Zapata broke with the president. Madero sent troops south to rout the Zapatistas. Zapata joined forces with another former Maderista, Pascual Orozco, who was based in the north. Orozco was a disgruntled former general who had fought for Madero alongside Francisco Villa. Orozco, with the support of Zapata, launched an uprising against Madero in March, 1912. It was soon put down by Madero’s general, Victoriano Huerta. Zapata was a hero to the families in his region, although he and his men continuously drew the wrath of the federal government down upon Morelos. The Zapatistas fought against a series of federal agents sent to destroy them, but none was more brutal than Juvencio Robles. When Madero was overthrown in a coup engineered by Victoriano Huerta (himself a brutal dictator), Zapata declared war against Huerta. Huerta responded by declaring every poor person in Morelos a Zapatista. He brought Juvencio Robles back to carry out a “slash and burn” policy to, in Huerta’s words, “depopulate the state.” It was tantamount to genocide. Once again, Zapata and his men defended their people at great cost, and rallied around Venustiano Carranza‘s Plan de Guadalupe (April, 1913) – which created the Constitutionalist rebellion, designed to defeat Huerta and strip him of power. But Carranza, too, would prove to be a disappointment. After Huerta’s defeat, and Carranza’s seizing of de facto power in Mexico (he would not officially become president until 1917), a convention was called among the various revolutionary factions. They met in October, 1914 in the town of Aguas Calientes, to determine what could be done about Carranza’s lack of legitimacy. Although Zapata would not attend the meeting, he and Villa met that December, in the village of Xochimilco. The two generals, much loved by the common people, then rode with their troops into Mexico City, taking control over the capital and capturing the imagination of the masses. Unfortunately, unwilling to rule Mexico, they each soon returned home – Zapata south to Morelos and Villa north to Chihuahua. Carranza retained power. As president, Carranza decided he had to eliminate Zapata as a threat. An intricate plot was devised by Carranza’s right-hand man, Pablo Gonzalez, by which a federal general named Guajardo would pretend to defect to the Zapatistas. He would work methodically to prove himself anxious to leave Carranza’s army and join Zapata. Guajardo staged a rout against other federal troops, sacrificing scores of men for what was essentially a “performance” to gain credibility with Zapata. Finally, a deal was sealed. Zapata and Guajardo were to meet to sign an agreement
to join forces at the hacienda of Chinameca. In the early afternoon of April 10, 1919, Zapata rode into the hacienda with just a handful of his men, indicating to the rest of them that they should wait some distance away. A bugle sounded four times, and when Guajardo’s soldiers were to deliver a military salute to Zapata, they instead pointed their rifles at him and his small contingent. The men waiting for him heard the two volleys, and saw his now-riderless horse run toward them, covered in blood. They knew their leader had been slain. Soon after, signs containing one of Zapata’s mottos began appearing around Morelos, as both a memorial and an inspiration for his men to continue the fight: “It is better to die on your feet than to live on your knees.”
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! viva la revolución ! an educator
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Acknowledgments This educator’s g
Page 5 and 6: using this guide in the classroom T
Page 7 and 8: virtually no possibility for contin
Page 9 and 10: THE HUERTA DICTATORSHIP In the nort
Page 11 and 12: SYMBOLS OF THE REVOLUTION The Mexic
Page 13 and 14: porfirio Díaz (1830 - 1915) Porfir
Page 15 and 16: Francisco I. Madero (1873 - 1913) F
Page 17 and 18: Pascual Orozco (1882 - 1915) Pascua
Page 19 and 20: Emiliano Zapata (1879 - 1919) Zapat
Page 21 and 22: \\ During ten tragic days (“La De
Page 23 and 24: The Mexican Revolution: Film Materi
Page 25 and 26: scavenger hunt curriculum Introduct
Page 27 and 28: olution, use the pictures to create
Page 29 and 30: An Educator’s Guide to the Mexica
Page 37 and 38: giuseppe garibaldi Location: Europe
Page 41 and 42: References for Images 1. Peasant fr
Page 43 and 44: a bada** retelling of the mexican r
Page 45 and 46: a bada** retelling of the mexican r
Page 47 and 48: Villa was PISSED OFF. Apparently th
Page 49 and 50: Materials \\ Copies of roles for ea
Page 51 and 52: The Convention at Aguascalientes Qu
Page 53 and 54: ernor of his then-home state of Chi
Page 55: The Convention at Aguascalientes: \
Page 59 and 60: By the fall of 1914, Carranza had d
Page 61 and 62: The Convention at Aguascalientes: V
Page 63 and 64: When Villa attacked Columbus, New M
Page 65 and 66: epresentations: los de abajo by mar
Page 67 and 68: Context of Los de Abajo/The Underdo
Page 69 and 70: XI XII 1. How do you think Camila f
Page 71 and 72: Part Two I 1. What kind of reputati
Page 73 and 74: fighting. 2. Why do you think the t
Page 77 and 78: Procedure Using the excerpts includ
Page 79 and 80: Questions 1. In what ways does this
Page 81 and 82: “He sat down, crossed his legs, a
Page 83 and 84: epresentations: “death of an assa
Page 85 and 86: primary documents of the mexican re
Page 87 and 88: Materials \\ Copy of primary source
Page 89 and 90: women of the revolution: soldaderas
Page 91 and 92: Women in the Mexican Revolution: El
Page 93 and 94: to all the severities of both man a
Page 95 and 96: had wanted to, she could have marri
Page 97 and 98: Corrido Examples: La Rielera, Adeli
Page 99 and 100: Additional Resources The Kennedy Ce
Page 101 and 102: .Corrido: La adelita On the top of
Page 103 and 104: distinguishing features of corridos
Page 105 and 106: Hall, Linda. Álvaro Obregón: Powe
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Public Broadcasting Service (PBS):
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slideshow of images
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Núm. 6055 | Elementos de tropa vil
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Núm. 6734 | Francisco Villa y Orne
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Núm. 5015 | Soldado federal con su
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Núm. 5214 | Tropas cristeras duran
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Núm. 5227 | Francisco Villa conver
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Núm. 5281 | Hombres juntos a estac
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Núm. 5316 | Francisco Villa e hijo
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Núm. 5694 | Francisco Villa, Migue
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Núm. 5710 | Revolucionarios zapati
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Núm. 6388 | Soldaderas preparan co
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Núm. 5754 | Soldado federal se des
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Núm. 5904 | Villista carga rifles
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literature: the underdogs
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The Underdogs by Mariano Azuela A N
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house God's truth, which is it" "Of
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doing this dog's job. But look here
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They rushed forward to greet Demetr
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Anastasio Montanez said, examining
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A soldier fell into the water; at e
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teeth and fulfilled the office of m
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little girl!" V Suddenly awakening,
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"What kind of beasts are you" the p
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death upon bandits in the columns o
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placably mortal hatred of the upper
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"Well, I'll soon find out if this t
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oiled water and some rags. With unf
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She sat down beside Remigia Indian-
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said the wrinkled old woman, drawin
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wound, examined it carefully, and s
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Look here, Tenderfoot, I want to te
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XII Demetrio's wound had already he
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A few moments later, amid cries of
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corpse,see "All right: that's just
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evolution. It is not true that you
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without taking the slightest notice
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That evening, there was much merrym
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Meco, prancing forward on his horse
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At midnight Demetrio Macias ordered
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uttered a piercing cry and fell fro
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To His Honor the Minister for War,
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In vain an old sergeant harangued t
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Cervantes said: "With men like Gene
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a race that awaits redemption!" He
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Heavy, plated mirrors, brass candle
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of staff, remarked somewhat ironica
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know. Nor did he know when Demetrio
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columns of a warehouse and the towe
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Goddamned sunset. And I let him go
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waiter, "I'm feeling sick. Just bri
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and War Paint plunged their hands i
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"How much do you want for them" Pan
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"You don't know this fellow Blondie
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Luis Cervantes saw that the last re
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you know. That girl is your kind, s
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There was a sound of doors being be
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meat, the mob bursts in, trampling
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the patio, which had been converted
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thinking it wouldn't show much guts
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"Poor little child! Tell me how all
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"Make ready, all you darling Jalisc
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oner. "Do you want to know why Beca
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torn trousers, split at the seam, l
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sierra. . . . If you only knew. . .
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Luis Cervantes gave himself away. H
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lines to which Demetrio appended an
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for orders from the Chief. Demetrio
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Maybe he knew, I never knew. The bl
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said to the young waiter: "Here, ki
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seats. Suddenly a woman who has sto
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The streets in Aguascalientes were
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"Villa Obregon Carranza What's the
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tus opened out, fresh, solid, aflam
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wrinkled as though a black shadow h
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tiously: "These are bad times and y
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caught in a single tear." Then he c
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killing and killing. But there's no
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VI Demetrio Macias' wife, mad with
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The spirit of nomadic tribes stirre
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literature: los de abajo
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PRIMERA PARTE —Te digo que no es
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II Todo era sombra todavía cuando
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aquel pitayo!... ¡Hijo de...! ¡To
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Un chico gordinflón, de piel moren
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— Correligionario, mi jefe..., es
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Camila se cubrió de rubor, y como
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—Señá Remigia, emprésteme unos
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— ¡Mientes!... — Sí; le diste
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Camila sintió que de su pecho algo
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— Allá voy... No he terminado: "
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Ella siguió la vereda del arroyo.
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tubo de hierro y perillas de latón
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escapar al enemigo. —Yo mismo voy
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Los hombres, inclinados ahora, se d
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—Allí vienen ya los gorrudos —
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Luego se hablaba de los aeroplanos
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Y su mano tendida señaló la estac
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Demetrio. — A la orden —le cont
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Demetrio clavó sus ojos de aguiluc
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— ¡Hum! —interrumpió la Pinta
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Villita... ¿Miento, curro... ¡Que
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Demetrio sonríe, y ya sin más con
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defenderíamos ahora — Eso es cos
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— Si yo pudiera coger vivo a Pasc
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Anduvo, y su paso marcó un compás
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Luis Cervantes templó la brida de
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Hubo protestas calurosas; algunos s
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Una bala rebotó en el cemento, pas
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—¡Hum, pa las máquinas de coser
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TERCERA PARTE I "El Paso, Tex., may
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—¿Derrotado el general Villa...
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podrido, con las casas grises, con
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—¡Papeles, sí!... ¡Eso nos han
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literature: death of an assassin
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General Diaz to impose a successor
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plan de san luis de potosí creador
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gen ni otra base que la voluntad na
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leyes promulgadas por la actual adm
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el agraciado no aceptara por cualqu
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vida, parte de las promesas que hiz
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the governing powers and corrupted
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obtain ejidos, colonies, and founda
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plan de ayala CREADO POR emiliano z
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II. Se desconoce como Jefe de la Re
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XIV. Si el presidente Madero y dem
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5. When the Constitutionalist Army
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hubiere sido electo. VII. El ciudad
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