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14. The major Baltic inflow in January 2003 and preconditioning by smaller inflows in summer/autumn 2002 102
Sea level at Landsort: model (solid), observations (dotted) Start: May 1, 2002 End: Dec 31, 2003 (Meier et al., 2004b) ME=0.1 cm, RMSE=4.4 cm, R=0.96, VAR=0.92 103
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Physical oceanography of the Baltic
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References: • Fonselius, S., 1996
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1. History of Baltic Sea research
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Carta Marina (1539) (map of Scandin
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Important dates of Baltic Sea resea
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Factors affecting sea level change
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Land uplift relative to the mean se
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Sea level changes during the 20th c
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Some numbers: • during the last g
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Changes in inlet transect areas (Gu
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Simulated salinity for the Litorina
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3. Bottom topography of the Baltic
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Baltic Sea catchment area with Katt
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Monthly mean runoff to the Baltic w
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5. Heat balance Q a Q SW Q LW Q S Q
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Heat loss to the atmosphere (solid)
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6. Currents • There is only one p
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10-year mean stream function of the
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Satellite image of SST (IOW) (Rhein
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7. Sea level Forcing of the sea lev
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Diurnal tides (Magaard and Rheinhei
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Schematic of seiches (Magaard and R
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8. Temperature, salinity, density,
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Cross section of salinity (source:
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Salinity variability at Gotland Dee
Page 51 and 52: Cross section of temperature (Fonse
Page 53 and 54: Temperature in Arkona, Bornholm, Go
Page 55 and 56: Cross section of oxygen (Fonselius,
Page 57 and 58: 9. Baltic sea ice ( Courtesy of Sep
Page 59 and 60: Maximum ice extent 1750 1800 1850 1
Page 61 and 62: Annual maximum ice extent model-dat
Page 63 and 64: Östersjön • medeldjup är 56 m
Page 65 and 66: Atmosphere-ice-ocean-land surface s
Page 67 and 68: Processes in the surface boundary l
Page 69 and 70: Horizontally integrated transport a
Page 71 and 72: Schematic view of the large-scale c
Page 73 and 74: Belt Sea Arkona observations Bornho
Page 75 and 76: Characteristic periods of major Bal
Page 77 and 78: Atmospheric CO 2 during 1750-1990 (
Page 79 and 80: Summer (JAS) SST Long-term Temperat
Page 81 and 82: Elken and Matthäus (2005) 81
Page 83 and 84: Salinity variations of various subb
Page 85 and 86: Oxygen and density at Gotland Deep
Page 87 and 88: 12. Comparison with other seas 87
Page 89 and 90: 13. Baltic Sea models • process o
Page 91 and 92: ”Primitive equations” for large
Page 93 and 94: FLAME-modellen: Hastighet på 100 m
Page 95 and 96: Rossbys deformationsradie i POP km
Page 97 and 98: OCCAM 1 o (källa: A. Coward) 97
Page 99 and 100: OCCAM 1/12 o (källa: A. Coward) 99
Page 101: Vattenståndsvariabilitet h 2 POP-m
Page 105 and 106: Accumulated inflow: Sound (dotted),
Page 107 and 108: 15 December 2002 Salinity [psu] (Me
Page 109 and 110: 29 October 2003 Arkona Bornholm Got
Page 111 and 112: temperature observations: (Piechura
Page 113 and 114: Temperature, salinity, and age at B
Page 115 and 116: Temperature, salinity, and age at B
Page 117 and 118: Schematic view of the large-scale c
Page 119 and 120: Juvenile freshwater height April Ma
Page 121 and 122: Monthly mean freshwater outflow, to
Page 123 and 124: Vertical velocity difference betwee
Page 125 and 126: Hovmöller diagrams for the spreadi
Page 127 and 128: Normalized mean meridional wind and
Page 129 and 130: 16. On the Baltic conveyor belt (Me
Page 131 and 132: Salinity as function of time and de
Page 133 and 134: Annual temperature minimum (upper p
Page 135 and 136: Tracer marking IWW in the BB halocl
Page 137 and 138: Halocline depth for 1981-2004: annu
Page 139 and 140: Time scales (Bolin and Rodhe, 1973;
Page 141 and 142: Sea surface Halocline depth Bottom
Page 143 and 144: Sea surface Halocline depth Bottom
Page 145 and 146: 17. Causes of climate variability:
Page 147 and 148: Reconstructed atmospheric forcing (
Page 149 and 150: SAT Stockholm The cross-spectra of
Page 151 and 152: Salinity Gotland Deep Data Model (M
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Salinity 4-yr running mean Runoff S
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Conclusions III 1. decadal variabil
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18. Scenarios of temperature, salin
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Regional climate modeling at the Ro
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Regionalization is done for ”time
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2009-03-20 winter summer spring aut
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2009-03-20 Mean maximum ice cover i
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SST changes versus air temperature
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Relative wind changes RCAO-E/A2 RCA
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∆-change scenarios based upon pre
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2009-03-20 Model hierachy Emission
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Salinity as function of depth and t
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Median salinity and age profiles fo
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2009-03-20 -03- 20 Run RCM GCM Scen
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2009-03-20 -03- 20 Salinity at Gotl
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Anomaly of surface (black) and bott
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-30% S3 reference run +30% Horizont
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Variations in freshwater supply tha
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Salinity in the southern Baltic pro
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Conclusions (sections 16 to 18) 1.
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1. Knudsen, M., 1900: Ein hydrograp
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1. Welander, P., 1974: Two-layer ex
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