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Highest sea level in Kiel 1904 (Kieler Nachrichten, 17. December 1994) 8
Important dates of Baltic Sea research • 1576: weather and ice observations by Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) on the island Vers in the Öresund • 1697: Samuel Reyher’s “experimentum novum” in the harbor of Kiel (measurements of salinity) • since 1869: monitoring in the Baltic (Denmark, Germany) • 1871: “Pommerania” expedition from Kiel (Meyer, Möbius, Karsten, Hensen) • 1877: Swedish expedition (G. Ekman, O. Petterson) • 1892: resolution on international cooperation (DK, S, D, SF, Russia) • 1898: agreement on simultaneous investigations on a regular basis at a few selected deep stations • 1902: start of the International Council of the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) • 1937: foundation of the Institute of Marine Research in Kiel • 1957: first Conference of the Baltic Oceanographers (CBO) in Helsinki 9
Page 1 and 2: Physical oceanography of the Baltic
Page 3 and 4: References: • Fonselius, S., 1996
Page 5 and 6: 1. History of Baltic Sea research
Page 7: Carta Marina (1539) (map of Scandin
Page 11 and 12: Factors affecting sea level change
Page 13 and 14: Land uplift relative to the mean se
Page 15 and 16: Sea level changes during the 20th c
Page 17 and 18: Some numbers: • during the last g
Page 19 and 20: Changes in inlet transect areas (Gu
Page 21 and 22: Simulated salinity for the Litorina
Page 23 and 24: 3. Bottom topography of the Baltic
Page 25 and 26: Baltic Sea catchment area with Katt
Page 27 and 28: Monthly mean runoff to the Baltic w
Page 29 and 30: 5. Heat balance Q a Q SW Q LW Q S Q
Page 31 and 32: Heat loss to the atmosphere (solid)
Page 33 and 34: 6. Currents • There is only one p
Page 35 and 36: 10-year mean stream function of the
Page 37 and 38: Satellite image of SST (IOW) (Rhein
Page 39 and 40: 7. Sea level Forcing of the sea lev
Page 41 and 42: Diurnal tides (Magaard and Rheinhei
Page 43 and 44: Schematic of seiches (Magaard and R
Page 45 and 46: 8. Temperature, salinity, density,
Page 47 and 48: Cross section of salinity (source:
Page 49 and 50: Salinity variability at Gotland Dee
Page 51 and 52: Cross section of temperature (Fonse
Page 53 and 54: Temperature in Arkona, Bornholm, Go
Page 55 and 56: Cross section of oxygen (Fonselius,
Page 57 and 58: 9. Baltic sea ice ( Courtesy of Sep
Page 59 and 60:
Maximum ice extent 1750 1800 1850 1
Page 61 and 62:
Annual maximum ice extent model-dat
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Östersjön • medeldjup är 56 m
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Atmosphere-ice-ocean-land surface s
Page 67 and 68:
Processes in the surface boundary l
Page 69 and 70:
Horizontally integrated transport a
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Schematic view of the large-scale c
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Belt Sea Arkona observations Bornho
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Characteristic periods of major Bal
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Atmospheric CO 2 during 1750-1990 (
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Summer (JAS) SST Long-term Temperat
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Elken and Matthäus (2005) 81
Page 83 and 84:
Salinity variations of various subb
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Oxygen and density at Gotland Deep
Page 87 and 88:
12. Comparison with other seas 87
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13. Baltic Sea models • process o
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”Primitive equations” for large
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FLAME-modellen: Hastighet på 100 m
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Rossbys deformationsradie i POP km
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OCCAM 1 o (källa: A. Coward) 97
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OCCAM 1/12 o (källa: A. Coward) 99
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Vattenståndsvariabilitet h 2 POP-m
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Sea level at Landsort: model (solid
Page 105 and 106:
Accumulated inflow: Sound (dotted),
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15 December 2002 Salinity [psu] (Me
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29 October 2003 Arkona Bornholm Got
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temperature observations: (Piechura
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Temperature, salinity, and age at B
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Temperature, salinity, and age at B
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Schematic view of the large-scale c
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Juvenile freshwater height April Ma
Page 121 and 122:
Monthly mean freshwater outflow, to
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Vertical velocity difference betwee
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Hovmöller diagrams for the spreadi
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Normalized mean meridional wind and
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16. On the Baltic conveyor belt (Me
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Salinity as function of time and de
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Annual temperature minimum (upper p
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Tracer marking IWW in the BB halocl
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Halocline depth for 1981-2004: annu
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Time scales (Bolin and Rodhe, 1973;
Page 141 and 142:
Sea surface Halocline depth Bottom
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Sea surface Halocline depth Bottom
Page 145 and 146:
17. Causes of climate variability:
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Reconstructed atmospheric forcing (
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SAT Stockholm The cross-spectra of
Page 151 and 152:
Salinity Gotland Deep Data Model (M
Page 153 and 154:
Salinity 4-yr running mean Runoff S
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Conclusions III 1. decadal variabil
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18. Scenarios of temperature, salin
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Regional climate modeling at the Ro
Page 161 and 162:
Regionalization is done for ”time
Page 163 and 164:
2009-03-20 winter summer spring aut
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2009-03-20 Mean maximum ice cover i
Page 167 and 168:
SST changes versus air temperature
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Relative wind changes RCAO-E/A2 RCA
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∆-change scenarios based upon pre
Page 173 and 174:
2009-03-20 Model hierachy Emission
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Salinity as function of depth and t
Page 177 and 178:
Median salinity and age profiles fo
Page 179 and 180:
2009-03-20 -03- 20 Run RCM GCM Scen
Page 181 and 182:
2009-03-20 -03- 20 Salinity at Gotl
Page 183 and 184:
Anomaly of surface (black) and bott
Page 185 and 186:
-30% S3 reference run +30% Horizont
Page 187 and 188:
Variations in freshwater supply tha
Page 189 and 190:
Salinity in the southern Baltic pro
Page 191 and 192:
Conclusions (sections 16 to 18) 1.
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1. Knudsen, M., 1900: Ein hydrograp
Page 195:
1. Welander, P., 1974: Two-layer ex
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