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Physical oceanography of the Baltic
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References: • Fonselius, S., 1996
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1. History of Baltic Sea research
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Carta Marina (1539) (map of Scandin
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Important dates of Baltic Sea resea
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Factors affecting sea level change
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Land uplift relative to the mean se
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Sea level changes during the 20th c
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Some numbers: • during the last g
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Changes in inlet transect areas (Gu
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Simulated salinity for the Litorina
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3. Bottom topography of the Baltic
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Baltic Sea catchment area with Katt
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Monthly mean runoff to the Baltic w
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5. Heat balance Q a Q SW Q LW Q S Q
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Heat loss to the atmosphere (solid)
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6. Currents • There is only one p
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10-year mean stream function of the
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Satellite image of SST (IOW) (Rhein
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7. Sea level Forcing of the sea lev
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Diurnal tides (Magaard and Rheinhei
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Schematic of seiches (Magaard and R
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8. Temperature, salinity, density,
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Cross section of salinity (source:
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Salinity variability at Gotland Dee
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Cross section of temperature (Fonse
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Temperature in Arkona, Bornholm, Go
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Cross section of oxygen (Fonselius,
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9. Baltic sea ice ( Courtesy of Sep
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Maximum ice extent 1750 1800 1850 1
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Annual maximum ice extent model-dat
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Östersjön • medeldjup är 56 m
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Atmosphere-ice-ocean-land surface s
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Processes in the surface boundary l
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Horizontally integrated transport a
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Schematic view of the large-scale c
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Belt Sea Arkona observations Bornho
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Characteristic periods of major Bal
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- Page 91 and 92: ”Primitive equations” for large
- Page 93 and 94: FLAME-modellen: Hastighet på 100 m
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- Page 141 and 142: Sea surface Halocline depth Bottom
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- Page 149 and 150: SAT Stockholm The cross-spectra of
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- Page 155 and 156: Conclusions III 1. decadal variabil
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2009-03-20 -03- 20 Run RCM GCM Scen
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2009-03-20 -03- 20 Salinity at Gotl
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Anomaly of surface (black) and bott
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-30% S3 reference run +30% Horizont
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Variations in freshwater supply tha
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Salinity in the southern Baltic pro
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Conclusions (sections 16 to 18) 1.
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1. Knudsen, M., 1900: Ein hydrograp
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1. Welander, P., 1974: Two-layer ex