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16 (National Atlas of Sweden)
Some numbers: • during the last glaciation the global mean sea level was about 80-100 (120) m lower than today • if all ice today is melting, the sea level would rise by 60 m • deceleration of land uplift from 3 m/100 yr to 1 m /100 yr 17
Page 1 and 2: Physical oceanography of the Baltic
Page 3 and 4: References: • Fonselius, S., 1996
Page 5 and 6: 1. History of Baltic Sea research
Page 7 and 8: Carta Marina (1539) (map of Scandin
Page 9 and 10: Important dates of Baltic Sea resea
Page 11 and 12: Factors affecting sea level change
Page 13 and 14: Land uplift relative to the mean se
Page 15: Sea level changes during the 20th c
Page 19 and 20: Changes in inlet transect areas (Gu
Page 21 and 22: Simulated salinity for the Litorina
Page 23 and 24: 3. Bottom topography of the Baltic
Page 25 and 26: Baltic Sea catchment area with Katt
Page 27 and 28: Monthly mean runoff to the Baltic w
Page 29 and 30: 5. Heat balance Q a Q SW Q LW Q S Q
Page 31 and 32: Heat loss to the atmosphere (solid)
Page 33 and 34: 6. Currents • There is only one p
Page 35 and 36: 10-year mean stream function of the
Page 37 and 38: Satellite image of SST (IOW) (Rhein
Page 39 and 40: 7. Sea level Forcing of the sea lev
Page 41 and 42: Diurnal tides (Magaard and Rheinhei
Page 43 and 44: Schematic of seiches (Magaard and R
Page 45 and 46: 8. Temperature, salinity, density,
Page 47 and 48: Cross section of salinity (source:
Page 49 and 50: Salinity variability at Gotland Dee
Page 51 and 52: Cross section of temperature (Fonse
Page 53 and 54: Temperature in Arkona, Bornholm, Go
Page 55 and 56: Cross section of oxygen (Fonselius,
Page 57 and 58: 9. Baltic sea ice ( Courtesy of Sep
Page 59 and 60: Maximum ice extent 1750 1800 1850 1
Page 61 and 62: Annual maximum ice extent model-dat
Page 63 and 64: Östersjön • medeldjup är 56 m
Page 65 and 66: Atmosphere-ice-ocean-land surface s
Page 67 and 68:
Processes in the surface boundary l
Page 69 and 70:
Horizontally integrated transport a
Page 71 and 72:
Schematic view of the large-scale c
Page 73 and 74:
Belt Sea Arkona observations Bornho
Page 75 and 76:
Characteristic periods of major Bal
Page 77 and 78:
Atmospheric CO 2 during 1750-1990 (
Page 79 and 80:
Summer (JAS) SST Long-term Temperat
Page 81 and 82:
Elken and Matthäus (2005) 81
Page 83 and 84:
Salinity variations of various subb
Page 85 and 86:
Oxygen and density at Gotland Deep
Page 87 and 88:
12. Comparison with other seas 87
Page 89 and 90:
13. Baltic Sea models • process o
Page 91 and 92:
”Primitive equations” for large
Page 93 and 94:
FLAME-modellen: Hastighet på 100 m
Page 95 and 96:
Rossbys deformationsradie i POP km
Page 97 and 98:
OCCAM 1 o (källa: A. Coward) 97
Page 99 and 100:
OCCAM 1/12 o (källa: A. Coward) 99
Page 101 and 102:
Vattenståndsvariabilitet h 2 POP-m
Page 103 and 104:
Sea level at Landsort: model (solid
Page 105 and 106:
Accumulated inflow: Sound (dotted),
Page 107 and 108:
15 December 2002 Salinity [psu] (Me
Page 109 and 110:
29 October 2003 Arkona Bornholm Got
Page 111 and 112:
temperature observations: (Piechura
Page 113 and 114:
Temperature, salinity, and age at B
Page 115 and 116:
Temperature, salinity, and age at B
Page 117 and 118:
Schematic view of the large-scale c
Page 119 and 120:
Juvenile freshwater height April Ma
Page 121 and 122:
Monthly mean freshwater outflow, to
Page 123 and 124:
Vertical velocity difference betwee
Page 125 and 126:
Hovmöller diagrams for the spreadi
Page 127 and 128:
Normalized mean meridional wind and
Page 129 and 130:
16. On the Baltic conveyor belt (Me
Page 131 and 132:
Salinity as function of time and de
Page 133 and 134:
Annual temperature minimum (upper p
Page 135 and 136:
Tracer marking IWW in the BB halocl
Page 137 and 138:
Halocline depth for 1981-2004: annu
Page 139 and 140:
Time scales (Bolin and Rodhe, 1973;
Page 141 and 142:
Sea surface Halocline depth Bottom
Page 143 and 144:
Sea surface Halocline depth Bottom
Page 145 and 146:
17. Causes of climate variability:
Page 147 and 148:
Reconstructed atmospheric forcing (
Page 149 and 150:
SAT Stockholm The cross-spectra of
Page 151 and 152:
Salinity Gotland Deep Data Model (M
Page 153 and 154:
Salinity 4-yr running mean Runoff S
Page 155 and 156:
Conclusions III 1. decadal variabil
Page 157 and 158:
18. Scenarios of temperature, salin
Page 159 and 160:
Regional climate modeling at the Ro
Page 161 and 162:
Regionalization is done for ”time
Page 163 and 164:
2009-03-20 winter summer spring aut
Page 165 and 166:
2009-03-20 Mean maximum ice cover i
Page 167 and 168:
SST changes versus air temperature
Page 169 and 170:
Relative wind changes RCAO-E/A2 RCA
Page 171 and 172:
∆-change scenarios based upon pre
Page 173 and 174:
2009-03-20 Model hierachy Emission
Page 175 and 176:
Salinity as function of depth and t
Page 177 and 178:
Median salinity and age profiles fo
Page 179 and 180:
2009-03-20 -03- 20 Run RCM GCM Scen
Page 181 and 182:
2009-03-20 -03- 20 Salinity at Gotl
Page 183 and 184:
Anomaly of surface (black) and bott
Page 185 and 186:
-30% S3 reference run +30% Horizont
Page 187 and 188:
Variations in freshwater supply tha
Page 189 and 190:
Salinity in the southern Baltic pro
Page 191 and 192:
Conclusions (sections 16 to 18) 1.
Page 193 and 194:
1. Knudsen, M., 1900: Ein hydrograp
Page 195:
1. Welander, P., 1974: Two-layer ex
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