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References: • Leppäranta, M. and K. Myrberg, 2009: Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea, Springer, 378 pp • Meier, H.E.M., R. Feistel, J. Piechura, L. Arneborg, H. Burchard, V. Fiekas, N. Golenko, N. Kuzmina, V. Mohrholz, C. Nohr, V.T. Paka, J. Sellschopp, A. Stips, and V. Zhurbas, 2006: Ventilation of the Baltic Sea deep water: A brief review of present knowledge from observations and models. Oceanologia, 48(S), 133-164. 4
1. History of Baltic Sea research • earliest explored sea, many observations, source area for oceanography • long records of historical observations, e.g.: 1. totally ice covered Baltic, e.g. 1323, 1333, 1349, 1399, 1690 2. flooding events, e.g. 13 Nov 1872 (271 dead persons in Denmark and Germany) 3. periods of lacking oxygen causing fish death in German fjords were known before industrial times 4. Anders Celsius (Prof in Uppsala) noticed 1724 land rise in the Bothnian Sea (but gave wrong explanation) 5
Page 1 and 2: Physical oceanography of the Baltic
Page 3: References: • Fonselius, S., 1996
Page 7 and 8: Carta Marina (1539) (map of Scandin
Page 9 and 10: Important dates of Baltic Sea resea
Page 11 and 12: Factors affecting sea level change
Page 13 and 14: Land uplift relative to the mean se
Page 15 and 16: Sea level changes during the 20th c
Page 17 and 18: Some numbers: • during the last g
Page 19 and 20: Changes in inlet transect areas (Gu
Page 21 and 22: Simulated salinity for the Litorina
Page 23 and 24: 3. Bottom topography of the Baltic
Page 25 and 26: Baltic Sea catchment area with Katt
Page 27 and 28: Monthly mean runoff to the Baltic w
Page 29 and 30: 5. Heat balance Q a Q SW Q LW Q S Q
Page 31 and 32: Heat loss to the atmosphere (solid)
Page 33 and 34: 6. Currents • There is only one p
Page 35 and 36: 10-year mean stream function of the
Page 37 and 38: Satellite image of SST (IOW) (Rhein
Page 39 and 40: 7. Sea level Forcing of the sea lev
Page 41 and 42: Diurnal tides (Magaard and Rheinhei
Page 43 and 44: Schematic of seiches (Magaard and R
Page 45 and 46: 8. Temperature, salinity, density,
Page 47 and 48: Cross section of salinity (source:
Page 49 and 50: Salinity variability at Gotland Dee
Page 51 and 52: Cross section of temperature (Fonse
Page 53 and 54: Temperature in Arkona, Bornholm, Go
Page 55 and 56:
Cross section of oxygen (Fonselius,
Page 57 and 58:
9. Baltic sea ice ( Courtesy of Sep
Page 59 and 60:
Maximum ice extent 1750 1800 1850 1
Page 61 and 62:
Annual maximum ice extent model-dat
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Östersjön • medeldjup är 56 m
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Atmosphere-ice-ocean-land surface s
Page 67 and 68:
Processes in the surface boundary l
Page 69 and 70:
Horizontally integrated transport a
Page 71 and 72:
Schematic view of the large-scale c
Page 73 and 74:
Belt Sea Arkona observations Bornho
Page 75 and 76:
Characteristic periods of major Bal
Page 77 and 78:
Atmospheric CO 2 during 1750-1990 (
Page 79 and 80:
Summer (JAS) SST Long-term Temperat
Page 81 and 82:
Elken and Matthäus (2005) 81
Page 83 and 84:
Salinity variations of various subb
Page 85 and 86:
Oxygen and density at Gotland Deep
Page 87 and 88:
12. Comparison with other seas 87
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13. Baltic Sea models • process o
Page 91 and 92:
”Primitive equations” for large
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FLAME-modellen: Hastighet på 100 m
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Rossbys deformationsradie i POP km
Page 97 and 98:
OCCAM 1 o (källa: A. Coward) 97
Page 99 and 100:
OCCAM 1/12 o (källa: A. Coward) 99
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Vattenståndsvariabilitet h 2 POP-m
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Sea level at Landsort: model (solid
Page 105 and 106:
Accumulated inflow: Sound (dotted),
Page 107 and 108:
15 December 2002 Salinity [psu] (Me
Page 109 and 110:
29 October 2003 Arkona Bornholm Got
Page 111 and 112:
temperature observations: (Piechura
Page 113 and 114:
Temperature, salinity, and age at B
Page 115 and 116:
Temperature, salinity, and age at B
Page 117 and 118:
Schematic view of the large-scale c
Page 119 and 120:
Juvenile freshwater height April Ma
Page 121 and 122:
Monthly mean freshwater outflow, to
Page 123 and 124:
Vertical velocity difference betwee
Page 125 and 126:
Hovmöller diagrams for the spreadi
Page 127 and 128:
Normalized mean meridional wind and
Page 129 and 130:
16. On the Baltic conveyor belt (Me
Page 131 and 132:
Salinity as function of time and de
Page 133 and 134:
Annual temperature minimum (upper p
Page 135 and 136:
Tracer marking IWW in the BB halocl
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Halocline depth for 1981-2004: annu
Page 139 and 140:
Time scales (Bolin and Rodhe, 1973;
Page 141 and 142:
Sea surface Halocline depth Bottom
Page 143 and 144:
Sea surface Halocline depth Bottom
Page 145 and 146:
17. Causes of climate variability:
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Reconstructed atmospheric forcing (
Page 149 and 150:
SAT Stockholm The cross-spectra of
Page 151 and 152:
Salinity Gotland Deep Data Model (M
Page 153 and 154:
Salinity 4-yr running mean Runoff S
Page 155 and 156:
Conclusions III 1. decadal variabil
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18. Scenarios of temperature, salin
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Regional climate modeling at the Ro
Page 161 and 162:
Regionalization is done for ”time
Page 163 and 164:
2009-03-20 winter summer spring aut
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2009-03-20 Mean maximum ice cover i
Page 167 and 168:
SST changes versus air temperature
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Relative wind changes RCAO-E/A2 RCA
Page 171 and 172:
∆-change scenarios based upon pre
Page 173 and 174:
2009-03-20 Model hierachy Emission
Page 175 and 176:
Salinity as function of depth and t
Page 177 and 178:
Median salinity and age profiles fo
Page 179 and 180:
2009-03-20 -03- 20 Run RCM GCM Scen
Page 181 and 182:
2009-03-20 -03- 20 Salinity at Gotl
Page 183 and 184:
Anomaly of surface (black) and bott
Page 185 and 186:
-30% S3 reference run +30% Horizont
Page 187 and 188:
Variations in freshwater supply tha
Page 189 and 190:
Salinity in the southern Baltic pro
Page 191 and 192:
Conclusions (sections 16 to 18) 1.
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1. Knudsen, M., 1900: Ein hydrograp
Page 195:
1. Welander, P., 1974: Two-layer ex
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