PEST RISK ANALYSIS (PRA) TRAINING Group Exercises Manual

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APPENDIX 9 PEST RISK ANALYSIS TRAINING - GROUP EXERCISES MANUAL Economic Importance Besides traditional utility, A. catechu is widely utilized commercially for extracting Katha from the heart wood which costs around US $ 4-6 per kilogram in Indian markets. Cutch is used as adhesive in plywood industry and it is also used in preparing polishes and paints. Conclusion From the present study, it is envisaged that A. catechu has a great socio-economic importance as it is widely used for different purposes by the natives of Shivalik range. Besides, traditional and commercial importance, it has tremendous ecological significance. Because of its leguminous nature and soil binding abilities, it could be a suitable species for wasteland development. Acknowledgement Authors are thankful to the Director, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, for the facilities and motivation. References Anonymous. 1985. The wealth of India. Vol. I, CSIR Publication, New Delhi, India. Champion, H.G. and Seth, S.K. 1968. A revised survey of the forest types of India. Manager of Publications, Delhi, India. Chatterjee, A. and Pakrashi, S.C. 1992. The treatise on Indian medicinal plants. Vol.II. CSIR Publications and Information Directorate, New Delhi. Chauhan, N.S. 1999. Medicinal and aromatic plants of Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi, India. Chowdhery, H. J. and Wadhwa, B. M. 1984. Flora of Himachal Pradesh: Analysis. Vol. I-III. Botanical Survey of India, Dehra Dun. Jain, S.K. 1989. Methods and approaches in ethnobotany. PID, New Delhi, India. Jain, S.K. 1991. Dictionary of Indian folk medicine and ethnobotany. Deep Publications, New Delhi, India. Kirtikar, K.R. and Basu, B.D. 1975. Indian medicinal plants, vol. II. Periodical Experts, New Delhi, India. Singh, K. N. 2000. Variation studies on katha content in relation to different forms of khair (Acacia catechu Willd.) trees. M.Sc. dissertation (unpublished) Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, India. Source Singh, K.N. and Lal, B. 2006. Notes on traditional uses of khair (Acacia catechu Willd.) by inhabitants of Shivalik range in Western Himalaya. Ethnobotanical Leaflets International Web Journal. Available online at: http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/acacia.htm 92
PEST RISK ANALYSIS TRAINING - GROUP EXERCISES MANUAL APPENDIX 10 Bionomics and management of major thrips species on agricultural crops in Africa R.T. Gahukar Abstract: Several thrips species are known to cause serious damage to agricultural crops in Africa. However, only five species of the family Thripidae are considered as economic pests, namely, Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom), Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom), Scirtothrips aurantii Faure, Sericothrips adolfifriderici Karny and Thrips tabaci (Lindeman). Nymphs and adult thrips suck the sap from leaf buds, leaves, flower buds, flowers and fruits, which become deformed or remain underdeveloped, often showing scars. Sonic species act as major vectors of viral plant diseases. Current pest-control practices include using resistant plant varieties, biological agents, cultural operations and chemical pesticides. However, more information is needed to formulate an effective, low-cost and eco-friendly pest-management strategy that can be adopted sustainably in the existing agricultural framework. Keywords: thrips species; pest status and bionomics; control measures; IPM The author is with Arag Biotech Pvt Ltd, Plot 220, Reshimbag Road, Nagpur 440009, India. Tel: +91 0712 2747408. E-mail: gahukar_ngp@sancharnet.in. Thrips form a small group comprising about 140 species of over 70 genera among the insects attacking agricultural crops in Africa (Faure, 1968; Bournier, 1971; Palmer, 1990). Most of the crop pests belong to the family Thripidae within the suborder Tenebrantia. Taxonomic reviews are available on species found in central Africa (Priesner, 1952), west Africa (Bournier, 1971; Okwakpam and Youdeowei, 1980; Pitkin and Mound, 1973) and southern Africa (Faure, 1968) The familygroup classification has been discussed by Mound, Fleming and Palmer (1980); and genera, species and subspecies relationships have been revised by Bournier (1971), Mound and Palmer (1981) and Palmer (1990). The economic importance of each species has not been studied in different ecosystems where agricultural crops are cultivated, either under sustainable or commercial management, probably because thrips, being small in size, are difficult to see with the naked eye. Pest damage is often overlooked, as early symptoms of plant damage are not clearly visible and late symptoms can be confused with those of other sap-sucking insects such as aphids, jassids and Outlook on AGRICULTURE Vol 33, No 3, 2004, pp 191-199 whiteflies, which occupy the same niche. In such cases, thrips can be distinguished from other insects by the presence of short, segmented antennae and narrow wings with greatly reduced venation and marginal setae. Thrips species are mainly plant feeders, although some of them are casual visitors, gall makers or predators. Plant injury during early pest attack is not easily detected, but late attacks become progressively obvious and in severe cases, plants wilt and die. For identification and overall estimation of population density, thrips from shoots, flowers or leaves are picked up with a fine brush, or plant parts are shaken or beaten over a small plastic tray or a sheet of white cloth. The collection can be safely preserved in a fresh mixture of 60% ethyl alcohol (10 parts) + glycerin (1 part) + acetic acid (1 part). This mixture keeps the specimens soft and distended, and facilitates slide preparation. Limited studies of life history, damage potential, pest ecology and control measures have been undertaken, mainly in Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Kenya. This paper reviews these works and identifies the lacunae in research and development of the bionomics and 191 93
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