Part 7 - UNC Herbarium

TRILLIACEAE 945
Trillium species 3. Lookout Mountain area, reesembles T. ludovicianum. Under study by Susan Farmer. {not keyed at this
time}
Trillium stamineum Harbison, Twisted Trillium. Floodplains, slopes, especially over limestone. Late March-mid May. C.
TN (Chester et al. 1993) south to c. AL, and e. MS. [= FNA, K, S, X, Y, Z]
TYPHACEAE A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Cattail Family)
A family of 2 genera with 16-30 species, wetland herbs, cosmopolitan. References: Kaul in FNA (2000); Smith in FNA (2000);
Thieret & Luken (1996); Kubitzki in Kubitzki (1998b).
1 Inflorescences headlike, globular............................................................................................................................ Sparganium
1 Inflorescences spikelike, cylindrical ................................................................................................................................. Typha
Sparganium Linnaeus 1753 (Bur-reed)
A genus of about 14 species, wetland and aquatic herbs, primarily circumboreal in arctic and temperate regions, but also in the
tropics of Asia, and temperate Australia. References: Kaul in FNA (2000); Thieret (1982)=Z; Beal (1960)=Y; Crow & Hellquist
(2000b)=X; Kubitzki in Kubitzki (1998b).
1 Stigmas 2; fruits truncate at apex, obpyramidal, very abruptly beaked, 4-8 mm broad ...................................... S. eurycarpum
1 Stigmas 1; fruits rounded or acuminate to a beak at the apex, elliptic, fusiform, or obovate, 1-3 (-4) mm broad.
2 Pistillate heads (primarily those upward) supra-axillary (borne distinctly above the axils of the subtending leaf-like
bracts); tepals lacking subapical dark spot ....................................................................................................... S. emersum
2 Pistillate heads (all) axillary (borne in the axils of the subtending leaf-like bracts) or several on axillary branches which
lack leaf-like bracts; tepals with prominent subapical dark spot.
3 Mature fruits dull, finely pitted, the body 3-5 mm long; fruiting heads 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter; branches of the
inflorescence with (0-) 1-3 pistillate heads (in addition to staminate heads); stigma 0.8-1.9 (-2.8 in the Coastal
Plain) mm long....................................................................................................................................S. americanum
3 Mature fruits shiny, smooth, the body 5.5-7 mm long; fruiting heads 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter; branches of the
inflorescence with 0 (-1) pistillate heads (in addition to staminate heads); stigma 1.5-3 mm long .............................
.......................................................................................................................................................... S. androcladum
Sparganium americanum Nuttall, American Bur-reed. Cp, Mt, Pd (GA, NC, SC, VA): streams, marshes, ponds, pools,
often submerged; common (rare in NC and SC Piedmont). May-September. Newfoundland west to MN, south to c. peninsular
FL and c. TX. Beal (1960) discusses the interesting variation in S. americanum, perhaps worthy of taxonomic recognition. The
"Appalachian Race" has stigmas 0.6-0.9 mm long, inflorescence branches 0-3, and relatively narrow leaves; in our area it is
montane in distribution, and in general is Appalachian, Ozarkian, and northern. The "Coastal Race" has stigmas 1.5-2.8 mm
long, 2-5 inflorescence branches, and relatively wide leaves; in our area it is primarily of the Coastal Plain, disjunct to the
mountains of NC and SC south of the Asheville Basin (like many Coastal Plain taxa), and in general is nearly limited to the
Coastal Plain, ranging from MA south to FL, west to e. TX, and north in the interior to sc. TN, s. IN, and s. MO. The
"Ubiquitous Race" is intermediate, with stigmas 1.0-1.4 m long; it occurs throughout the range of the species. The pattern is
suggestive of imperfect evolutionary separation of two taxa. [= RAB, C, F, FNA, G, GW, K, W, X, Y, Z; > S. americanum – S;
> S. eurycarpum – S, misapplied]
Sparganium androcladum (Engelmann) Morong. Cp, Pd (VA): marshes, shores; rare (VA Rare). May-September. ME
and Québec west to MN, south to se. VA, e. TN, s. MO, and ne. OK. [= C, F, FNA, G, K, W, X, Y, Z]
Sparganium emersum Rehmann, Greenfruit Bur-reed. Mt (NC, VA): bogs, stream margins; rare (NC Rare, VA Rare).
May-September. Newfoundland and c. Québec west to s. Alberta and WA, south to w. NC, IN, IA, CO, and CA. [= FNA, X; >
S. chlorocarpum Rydberg – RAB, C, F, G, W, Y, Z; > S. chlorocarpum var. acaule (Beeby) Fernald – F; ? S. angustifolium
Michaux – K, misapplied; > S. acaule (Beeby) Rydberg]
Sparganium eurycarpum Engelmann ex A. Gray, Giant Bur-reed. Cp, Pd, Mt (VA): marshes, shores; uncommon (VA
Watch List). Nova Scotia west to British Columbia, south to w. VA, IN, OK, and CA. [= C, F, FNA, G, K, W, X; = S. erectum
Linnaeus ssp. stoloniferum (Graebner) C.D.K. Cook & M.S. Nicholls]
Sparganium angustifolium Michaux, Narrow-leaved Bur-reed. South to n. NJ and n. PA; attributed to VA and WV by
Kartesz (1999), apparently erroneously. [= C, FNA, K, X] {not keyed; synonymy incomplete}
Typha Linnaeus 1753 (Cattail)
A genus of 8-13 species, wetland herbs, cosmopolitan. References: Smith in FNA (2000); Kubitzki in Kubitzki (1998b).