Part 7 - UNC Herbarium

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POACEAE 855 Calamovilfa (A. Gray) Hackel ex Scribner & Southworth (Sandreed) A genus of 5 species, of e. and c. North America. Reeder & Ellington (1960) studied various anatomic features of Calamovilfa, and determined that its closest relative was Sporobolus. A molecular phylogenetic study of Sporobolus and closely related genera suggests that Calamovilfa should be included in Sporobolus (Ortiz-Diaz & Culham 2000). References: Thieret (1966)=Z. Key based in part on Thieret in FNA (in prep.). Identification notes: Superficially somewhat similar to Sporobolus pinetorum, S. floridanus, and S. curtissii (herbarium specimens of the two species have been regularly confused), Calamovilfa is distinguished by its leaves tapered to either end and long-acuminate (vs. parallel-margined and abruptly acute in Sporobolus) and tendency to form larger, clonal patches (Sporobolus forms wiregrass-like bunches or clumps). In flower or fruit, the Calamovilfa can be distinguished by characters of the spikelet, by vegetative characters, or by its coarser, generally taller culms, with the panicle branches usually spreading (rather than always ascending in Sporobolus). The three have very similar bases, unlike any other grasses in our area – the lower leaf sheaths are indurated and shiny, forming a hard, polished, knotty, and fire-proof covering over the short-creeping rhizome. Aristida stricta has a somewhat similar base, but less indurated, less creeping, and with an unpolished appearance. Calamovilfa brevipilis also has a cartilaginous, pale yellow annulum surrounding the outer (abaxial) surface of the juncture of the sheath and leaf, a structure not visible in the other species. Positive identification in sterile condition is not difficult. 1 Panicles narrow, the branches appressed-ascending; [of the Coastal Plain of FL].................................................. [C. curtissii] 1 Panicles broad, the bracnches ascending-spreading; [either of the Coastal Plain of SC northwards, or of the interior]. 2 Spikelets 6-7.4 mm long; glumes acute to acuminate, usually arcuate; lemmas 5.5-7 mm long, usually arcuate; [of river scour areas in the rocky inland parts of the South]...........................................................................................[C. arcuata] 2 Spikelets 4-5.8 mm long; glumes acute, straight; lemmas 4-5.4 mm long, straight; [of pineland habitats of the Coastal Plain of South Carolina northwards .................................................................................................................C. brevipilis Calamovilfa brevipilis (Torrey) Scribner, Pinebarren Sandreed. Cp (NC, SC, VA), Pd (NC): savanna-pocosin ecotones, sandhill seepage bogs, pocosins; rare (NC Watch List, SC Rare, VA Rare). June-October. A "bimodal endemic", with two areas of distribution: Pine Barrens of NJ and the Coastal Plain (very rarely lower Piedmont) of e. NC, n. SC, and s. VA. Var. heterolepis Fernald, no longer considered valid, refers to the NC-SC material; var. calvipes Fernald, no longer considered valid, refers to the VA material. Like Aristida stricta, this grass is dependent on fire for flowering (it will also sometimes flower in response to mowing or other disturbance). Suppression of the natural fire regime has led to its substantial decline and the severe contraction of its range in the Southeast, since fire exclusion in its seepage or ecotone habitat leads to rapid invasion by shrubs and competitive elimination of Calamovilfa and many other herbs. [= RAB, C, FNA, G, GW, K, S, Z; > C. brevipilis var. brevipilis – F, HC; > C. brevipilis var. heterolepis Fernald – HC; > C. brevipilis var. calvipes Fernald – F, HC] Calamovilfa arcuata K.E. Rogers occurs in Morgan and Cumberland counties, TN, in the Cumberland Plateau, and in AL. [= FNA, K] Calamovilfa curtissii (Vasey) Scribner of FL is a closely related sibling species of C. brevipilis. It occurs in the FL Panhandle and e. peninsular FL. [= FNA, GW, HC, K, S, Z] References: Soreng et al. (2003)=Z. Catapodium Link 1827 * Catapodium rigidum (Linnaeus) Dony, native to Europe, is known from collections from wool-combing mills in South Carolina; it is probably not established. [= Z; = Desmazeria rigida (Linnaeus) Tutin – K; = Scleropoa rigida (Linnaeus) Grisebach] Cenchrus Linnaeus (Burgrass, Sandspur) A genus of about 16 species, primarily tropical and subtropical. References: Stieber & Wipff in FNA (2003a); Crins (1991)=Z. {vegetative characters} {VA distribution of C. tribuloides} Identifications note: Spikelets of Cenchrus are subtended by an involucre of spines and/or bristles which are (in most of our species) fused into a bur. Bristles are narrow-based and terete. Spines are broad-based, and somewhat flattened (not terete) in cross-section, at least basally. 1 Involucre of bristles only, these not fused into a bur; perennial, to 2 m tall....................................................... C. myosuroides 1 Involucre of spines fused into a coherent bur, sometimes also with bristles; annual or perennials, to 1 m tall. 2 Spines in a single whorl, subtended by numerous smaller, narrower bristles..................................................C. echinatus
POACEAE 856 2 Spines in multiple whorls or irregular in their disposition (if few and in a single whorl, then not subtended by smaller, narrower bristles). 3 Burs (excluding the spines) 9-16 mm long, 4-6 mm wide, the spines 4-8 mm long; spikelets 1 (-2) per bur, concealed; leaf blades 3-14 mm wide ................................................................................................... C. tribuloides 3 Burs (excluding the spines) 5.5-12 mm long, 2.5-6 mm wide, the spines 2-7 mm long; spikelets 2-4 per bur, exserted at the tip; leaf blades 1-5 (-7) mm wide. 4 Spines slender, 45-75, 3.5-7 mm long; spikelets 6-8 mm long.....................................................C. longispinus 4 Spines stout, 6-10 (-40), 2-5 mm long; spikelets 3.5-6 mm long .......................................................C. spinifex Cenchrus echinatus Linnaeus, Southern Sandspur, Bristly Sandspur, Hedgehog Grass. Cp (GA, NC, SC), Pd (GA, SC): fields, roadsides, disturbed areas; common (uncommon in NC). June-October. NC (and DC?) south to FL, west to CA, south into the tropical America. [= RAB, C, HC, K, S, Z] Cenchrus longispinus (Hackel) Fernald, Northern Sandspur, Common Sandspur. Cp, Pd, Mt (GA, NC, SC, VA): fields, roadsides, disturbed areas, lawns; common (uncommon in Mountains). June-October. ME west to OR, south to FL, TX, and CA. [= RAB, C, F, FNA, K, W, Z; = C. pauciflorus Bentham – G, HC, S, misapplied] * Cenchrus myosuroides Kunth. Cp (SC): roadsides, disturbed areas; rare, introduced from further south. December. SC south to FL, west to TX, south into the West Indies and other parts of tropical America. [= RAB, FNA, HC, K, S, Z] Cenchrus spinifex Cavanilles, Coastal Sandspur. Cp (GA, NC, SC, VA), Pd (GA, SC, VA), Mt (VA): fields, roadsides, disturbed areas; common (rare in NC and VA). July-October. VA south to FL, west to AR and KS, south into tropical America. [= FNA, K; > C. incertus M.A. Curtis – RAB, C, F, G, HC, S, Z] Cenchrus tribuloides Linnaeus, Dune Sandspur. Cp (GA, NC, SC, VA), Pd*, Mt* (VA): dunes, sandy fields, sandy woodlands in the outer Coastal Plain; common. August-October. NY (Long Island) south to FL, west to TX, south into tropical America. This is the sandspur so familiar and disliked by beach-goers in our area. [= RAB, C, F, FNA, HC, K, S, W, Z] Cenchrus brownii Roemer & J.A. Schultes. Reported for NC (Kartesz 1999) and GA (FNA). {investigate} [= FNA, K] {not keyed at this time; add to synonymy} Cenchrus gracillimus Nash. Reported for sc. GA by Jones & Coile (1988) and FNA. [= FNA, K] {not keyed at this time; add to synonymy} Chasmanthium Link (Spanglegrass, Spikegrass) A genus of 5 species endemic to se. North America. References: Sánchez-Ken & Clark in FNA (2003a); Yates (1966a, 1966c)=Z. 1 Panicle branches elongate, pendulous; spikelets (15-) 20-40 mm long, with 6-20 flowers...................................Ch. latifolium 1 Panicle branches short, erect or ascending; spikelets 5-18 mm long, with 2-8 (-11) flowers. 2 Fully-developed spikelets 12-18 mm long, 8-12 mm wide. 3 Axils of the spikelets and panicle branches glabrous; empty lemmas 9 (-12); [se. NC south to c. peninsular FL and e. FL panhandle] .....................................................................................................................................Ch. nitidum 3 Axils of the spikelets and panicle branches with a tuft of long hairs; empty lemmas 2-4; [w. FL panhandle west to e. LA (Florida parishes)].......................................................................................................[Ch. ornithorhynchum] 2 Fully-developed spikelets 4-9 mm long, 3-7 mm wide. 4 Collar (junction of leaf and sheath) glabrous or nearly so; leaves 3-7 mm wide........................................ Ch. laxum 4 Collar (junction of leaf and sheath) pilose; leaves 6-12 mm wide. 5 Inflorescence with divergent branches; [in outer Coastal Plain calcareous sites from SC southwards] .............. ...................................................................................................................................... Ch. sessiliflorum var. 1 5 Inflorescence with appressed branches; [more widespread in our area]......Ch. sessiliflorum var. sessiliflorum Chasmanthium latifolium (Michaux) Yates, River Oats, Fish-on-a-pole. Pd, Mt, Cp (GA, NC, SC, VA): riverbanks, streambanks, bottomland forests, seepages and glades over mafic or calcareous rock, usually in nutrient-rich soils; common (uncommon in Coastal Plain and Mountains). June-October. Widespread in se. North America, north to NJ, OH, IL, and KS. [= C, FNA, GW, K, W, Z; = Uniola latifolia Michaux – RAB, F, G, HC, S] Chasmanthium laxum (Linnaeus) Yates, Slender Spikegrass. Cp, Pd (GA, NC, SC, VA), Mt (GA, NC, SC): savannapocosin ecotones, sandhill-pocosin ecotones, moist hardwood swamps, other moist habitats; common (rare in Mountains). June- October. Widespread in se. North America, north to s. NY, KY, and OK. See Ch. sessiliflorum for comments on the suggestion that these two taxa are only varietally distinct. [= C, FNA, GW, K, W, Z; = Uniola laxa (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenburg – RAB, F, G, HC, S; = Chasmanthium laxum var. laxum] Chasmanthium nitidum (Baldwin) Yates, Shiny Spanglegrass. Cp (GA, NC, SC): blackwater swamp forests; rare (NC Rare, SC Rare). September-November. A Southeastern Coastal Plain endemic: se. NC south to c. FL and west to se. AL. [= FNA, GW, K, Z; = Uniola nitida Baldwin – RAB, HC, S] Chasmanthium sessiliflorum (Poiret) Yates var. 1, Coastal Hammock Longleaf Spikegrass. Cp (GA, SC): calcareous hammocks; rare. August-October. An additional taxon warrants recognition: it is characterized by divergent panicle branches and occurs in outer Coastal Plain calcareous sites (J. Allison, pers. comm.). [< Chasmanthium sessiliflorum (Poiret) Yates – C,
Page 1 and 2: ORCHIDACEAE 836 Zeuxine Lindley 182
Page 3 and 4: POACEAE 838 Agrostis altissima (Wal
Page 5 and 6: POACEAE 840 A genus of about 100-11
Page 7 and 8: POACEAE 842 9 Inflorescence units w
Page 9 and 10: POACEAE 844 Andropogon glomeratus (
Page 11 and 12: POACEAE 846 .......................
Page 13 and 14: POACEAE 848 Aristida tenuispica A.S
Page 15 and 16: POACEAE 850 1 Spikelets 1.5-2.8 mm
Page 17 and 18: POACEAE 852 * Briza maxima Linnaeus
Page 19: POACEAE 854 * Bromus tectorum Linna
Page 23 and 24: POACEAE 858 1 Spikelets (3.5-) 4-6
Page 25 and 26: POACEAE 860 Danthonia Augustin de C
Page 27 and 28: POACEAE 862 sheaths. Nodes with sho
Page 29 and 30: POACEAE 864 4 Second glume and ster
Page 33 and 34: POACEAE 868 3 Basal leaves similar
Page 37 and 38: POACEAE 872 Dichanthelium commutatu
Page 39 and 40: POACEAE 874 F, G, HC; > P. villosis
Page 41 and 42: POACEAE 876 dichotomum (Linnaeus) G
Page 43 and 44: POACEAE 878 Distichlis Rafinesque (
Page 45 and 46: POACEAE 880 6 Spikelets appressed;
Page 47 and 48: POACEAE 882 Eragrostis Wolf 1776 (L
Page 49 and 50: POACEAE 884 * Eragrostis curvula (S
Page 51 and 52: POACEAE 886 3 Spikes 5-10 cm long;
Page 53 and 54: POACEAE 888 considered as a species
Page 55 and 56: POACEAE 890 * Hordeum murinum Linna
Page 57 and 58: POACEAE 892 Reported (as L. fascicu
Page 59 and 60: POACEAE 894 1950), "rarely introduc
Page 61 and 62: POACEAE 896 flexuous, and fragile,
Page 63 and 64: POACEAE 898 2 Leaves primarily basa
Page 65 and 66: POACEAE 900 per node, loosely flowe
Page 67 and 68: POACEAE 902 ex Nees ssp. rigidulum
Page 69 and 70: POACEAE 904 25 Panicles with 1-15 b
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POACEAE 906 Paspalum praecox Walter
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POACEAE 908 *? Phalaris arundinacea
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POACEAE 910 * Phyllostachys nigra (
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POACEAE 912 species withers and dis
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POACEAE 914 FL and LA. References:
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POACEAE 916 Schizachyrium littorale
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POACEAE 918 Sorghastrum elliottii (
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POACEAE 920 Sphenopholis pensylvani
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POACEAE 922 shelves in the fall-lin
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POACEAE 924 Tridens Roemer & J.A. S
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POACEAE 926 * Urochloa platyphylla
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PONTEDERIACEAE 928 A genus of 7-8 s
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POTAMOGETONACEAE 930 2 Submersed le
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POTAMOGETONACEAE 932 Fernald - F; >
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RUSCACEAE 934 * Danae racemosa (Lin
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RUSCACEAE 936 Scheuchzeria palustri
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SMILACACEAE 938 Smilax laurifolia L
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TOFIELDIACEAE 940 A genus of ca. 4
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TRILLIACEAE 942 2 Stamens at most 1
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TRILLIACEAE 944 Trillium pusillum M
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TYPHACEAE 946 1 Staminate and pisti
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XYRIDACEAE 948 17 Leaf and scape su
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ZANNICHELLIACEAE 950 broadened shea
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 952 Anderson, L.E., an
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 954 Beckmann, R.L., Jr
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 956 ---. 2005. Report
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 958 ---. 1878. An enum
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 960 ---, G.L. Nesom, a
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 962 Dorn, R.D. 1984. V
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 964 ---, and J.F. Wend
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 966 Ganders, F.R., M.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 968 Green, P.S. 1962.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 970 ---, and J.R. Burk
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 972 ---. 1998. Native
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 974 Kiers, A.M., T.H.M
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 976 Kubitzki, K., J.G.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 978 ---, and A. Täube
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 980 McClintock, E. 195
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 982 Mort, M.E., and D.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 984 ---. 2001b. Taxono
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 986 Perry, J.E., D.M.E
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 988 Rayner, D.A., and
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 990 Rosendahl, C.O., F
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 992 ---. 2002. Podophy
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 994 Soltis, D.E. 1980.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 996 Sundell, E., R.D.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 998 Umber, R.E. 1979.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1000 Warners, D.P., an
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1002 ---. 2002. The id
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1004 Xiang, Q.-Y. (Jen
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1006 INDEX of FAMILIES
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1008 Chromolaena......
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1010 Hainardia .......
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1012 Nolina...........
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1014 Sisyrinchium ....
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Part 7 - UNC Herbarium

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