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DAM SYNCHRONISATION AND FLOOD RELEASES IN THE ZAMBEZI RIVER BASIN: ANNEX 4 OF FINAL REPORT schemes. Specific assumptions/ risks: From an environmental viewpoint, large dams generally carry numerous environmental and social hazards, but run-of-river schemes in the already regulated Zambezi would not have the same significant negative impacts as large new reservoirs. Designs and operating rules are recommended to adequately address or minimise the negative environmental impacts. 108
DAM SYNCHRONISATION AND FLOOD RELEASES IN THE ZAMBEZI RIVER BASIN: ANNEX 4 OF FINAL REPORT FACILITATE THE SITING OF NEW DAMS ON THE ZAMBEZI RIVER UNREGULATED TRIBUTARIES 4.3 Timeframe: Medium term (0 - 5 Budget years) range: Intervention Sheet # Linkages: Concept: Purpose: Justification: Actions/ Responsibilities: Benefits/ beneficiaries: Annex 4, Chapter 4; Also see intervention sheet 4.5 on bottom outlets. Budget to be determined national initiatives or RSWIDP (preliminary siting 10 dams ~ 0.15 MUSD) ZAMCOM, when formally established, has the mandate to advise riparian states, after which the member states decide and enforce decisions. Government officials in Zimbabwe, Zambia and Mozambique indicated that new dams in their own country for flood control purposes only have no priority. They need to be justified on some other economic benefit such as irrigation or hydropower. ZAMCOM assessing and assisting in the siting of new dams will help the different countries to decide on the positive and negative impacts that such dams can have. ZAMCOM has a river basin wide responsibility. The similar challenges water resources development in different areas of the river basin ask for an active role of ZAMCOM where lessons can be learnt. If the dams are considerably large in size or number this will have river basin scale impacts in terms of flood and flow regulation and sediment management. Support for investments in small and medium dams for livelihoods. Assistance with identification of suitable sites in riparian countries or support with implementation of planned dams. Making riparian countries aware of the technical possibilities and impossibilities of use of dams on unregulated tributaries for flood peak storage in conjunction with other uses, together with the impact on downstream and upstream uses. Further investigation would be necessary to determine if other flood protection measures are not more cost effective and can contribute better to ecosystem functioning and economy. In Zambia and Mozambique in particular, the usefulness of dams for irrigation purposes is emphasized. Zimbabwe has existing plans for new dams for water supply and irrigation. The flood protection impacts are limited, but the contribution to livelihoods and to national economic development are appreciable. In planning for flood impact mitigation, finding alternative locations for resettlements of persons currently living in floodprone areas is needed. New dam sites can create those alternative locations. From a technical perspective, several dam sites were identified in this project that could contribute to flood protection. In Zimbabwe, there is a list of technically suitable dam sites that could be developed. Of these dams, the Gwayi-Shangani dam (635 Mm3) and the Kudu dam (1550 Mm3) on the Sanyati are large enough to have impact on the Zambezi river flows. Mozambique would benefit from new dams on the Luangwa in Zambia, but dams that can prevent flood peaks into Cahora Bassa are difficult to site without major environmental implications. Within Mozambique, technically suitable dam sites have been identified on the Luia and the Revubué. Decisions on the development of any of these dams will be predicated more on socio-economic, institutional, financial, political and environmental considerations than on physical site advantages and issues of basinwide flood control. ZAMCOM /SADC secretariat ZAMCOM / SADC secretariat livelihoods close to dam sites, people currently in floodprone who would consider resettlement people currently in floodprone areas. In case of dams on Luangwa also the HCB. 109
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