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DAM SYNCHRONISATION AND FLOOD RELEASES IN THE ZAMBEZI RIVER BASIN: ANNEX 4 OF FINAL REPORT 7 Structural Flood Protection 7.1 Introduction to the investments Structural flood protection measures can provide direct flood protection of livelihoods or capital investments by either keeping the water levels low at these locations or by offering possibilities to flee to higher ground. The type of investments that will be discussed in this chapter are dykes, elevated schools of public buildings, structural measures to divert flood waters. 7.2 Situation assessment In general, little information could be found on existing flood protection measures in the Zambezi River basin. There are some dykes near Marromeu and Luabo that were built in 1926 to protect the sugar estates in the Zambezi Delta. The dykes at Marromeu are maintained above the maximum observed flood level and prevent flooding of the Marromeu Municipality and the surrounding sugar production fields. The dykes at Luabo have not been maintained and are over-topped during large floods. There are also dykes associated with roads and railroads in the Zambezi Delta region that block the movement of floodwaters from the river to the floodplain. There used to be dykes in the Kafue area in Zambia (interview Department of Water Affairs Zambia June 2010), built in the 1950s in Sanyanja. However, maintenance of these dykes was discontinued. The different countries do not seem to place a high priority on structural flood protection measures. The Ministry of Water Affairs in Zambia (interview June, 2010) pointed out that investments in livelihoods (education, health, small dams) seem to be more cost effective than structural flood protection measures. Current infrastructure investments rather concentrate on making roads and bridges less vulnerable to flooding and raising roads to make them useful during floods. In Zambia, Namibia and Mozambique it is confirmed that investments have taken place in recent years in this regard and have priority. An example is shown in Figure 7.1. Figure 7.1: Recently improved roads and culverts in Caprivi strip (photo visit October 2010) 66
DAM SYNCHRONISATION AND FLOOD RELEASES IN THE ZAMBEZI RIVER BASIN: ANNEX 4 OF FINAL REPORT 7.3 Description of possible investments Dykes Dykes (or levees) are the oldest and most frequently used type of flood control measure. Dykes form an embankment which protects land with elevations lower than the high-water surface level. An indicative cost estimate for the construction of low dykes (
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