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DAM SYNCHRONISATION AND FLOOD RELEASES IN THE ZAMBEZI RIVER BASIN: ANNEX 4 OF FINAL REPORT However, it needs to be noted that projects to replace coal and wood for cooking have in many cases not succeed in the past because of cultural norms. It is thus not easy to compute a direct swop in energy usage, and consequently carbon saving, as this would not necessarily take place even if electricity became freely available to these communities. For charcoal there is also the added issue of this being a source of income for poor communities. If a carbon equivalency assessment is however undertaken with the proposed primary end users of the electricity to be generated, namely the Republic of South Africa, it is possible to envisage that a carbon saving would be realized, as hydropower would be replacing the use of a traditional coal fired power station. D-3
DAM SYNCHRONISATION AND FLOOD RELEASES IN THE ZAMBEZI RIVER BASIN: ANNEX 4 OF FINAL REPORT Appendix E Flood insurance experiences in other regions This appendix summarizes the experiences with flood insurances in developing countries, in the United States, Europe and China. Flood insurance is evaluated as part of flood risk zoning in Chapter 6. E.1 Flood Insurance in the developing countries Tun Lin et al. (2007) provide a summary of potential challenges in adopting flood insurance for developing countries. Supply Side Factors Demand Side Factors Difficulty in assessing risk and vulnerability before the disaster Difficulty in estimating damage after the disaster High administrative costs Limited acces to reinsurance market Global climate change High premium due to limited risk collective Limited awareness and information Moral hazard problem (relying on government‘s disaster relief) Low income Market and Governmetn Lack of relevant legislation and policies Factors Lack of clear partnerships scheme between the governmetn and the private sector Figure E.1: Potential challenges in adopting flood insurance in developing countries (Tun Lin et al., 2007) E.2 Flood Insurance in the United States Only in the USA an effective nation-wide insurance system exists, administrated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which was established already in 1969, but also here coverage is limited and private extra coverage needs to be obtained. The program, called National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), is a Federal program enabling property owners in participating communities to purchase insurance protection against losses from flooding. This insurance is designed to provide an insurance alternative to disaster assistance to meet the escalating costs of repairing damage to buildings and their contents caused by floods. The program is administrated by FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) which identifies flood hazard areas throughout the U.S. and it's territories by producing Flood Hazard Boundary Maps (FHBMs), Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), and Flood Boundary & Floodway Maps (FBFMs). The FIRM is the basis for floodplain management, mitigation, and insurance activities for the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). E.3 Flood Insurance in Europe Various European countries have a type of flood insurance. There are five types of national hazard insurance (Alphen and Passchier, 2007), which are distinct from another in terms of intensity of regulation and state involvement, from M1 (regional public insurance provider) to M5 (national catastrophic fund). Although this distinction in types is useful, none of these forms is found anywhere in Europe in its pure form. For a number of European countries, the type of natural hazard insurance is given below. E-1
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