Understanding Infrared Thermography Reading 3

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4.3 Safety and Health Safety and health considerations are critical to successful thermography programs as well as to the welfare of the thermographer and client personnel. Strict adherence to applicable codes is the responsibility of the thermographer. It is essenlial that the basics of these regulations be understood. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
■ Liquid and Compressed Gases Some instruments in the field use liquid or compressed gases for detector cooling. The handling of these materials can be hazardous and it is the thermographer's responsibility to learn safe practices and to adhere to them. In general, these procedures are included in the safety regulations for each facility. They can also be found in the operator's manuals for these instruments. Some instruments use liquid nitrogen LN as a detector coolant Liquid nitrogen is not very hazardous but some safety precautions should be observed. The following four guidelincs for using and storing liquid nitrogen are taken from the AGEMA Model 782 Operator's Handbook: 1. Never store the liquid in sealed containers. Liquid nitrogen and similar cryogenic liquids are always stored in Dewar flasks or the equivalent insulated containers, with loosely fitting covers that allow the gas to vent without building up dangerous pressures, 2. Never come into direct contact with liquid nitrogen. Serious frost bite injury (similar to a bum) can result if the liquid is allowed to splash in to the eyes or onto the skin. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Infrared Thermal Testing Reading II
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Infrared Thermography ~-- ... ... .
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Infrared Thermography Charlie Chong
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See Through & Fun Thermal Camera Ex
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How to see through clothing 2 I'
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Apache IR Thermal Weaponry ■ http
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Greek alphabet Letter Name Sound An
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Greek letter l fl 0 I1 p u w Charli
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SGuide-IRT Content Part 1 of 2 ■
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1.1 Introduction to Principles & Th
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The infrared thermal imaging equipm
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The three modes of heat transfer ar
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The three modes of heat transfer ar
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Temperature and Temperature Scales
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Boston Tea Party - New governances
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The Mighty Fahrenheit & ⅝”, Eng
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Absolute zero is equal to - 273.16
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The Fourier conduction Law expresse
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The Fourier conduction Law ( One di
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Convective Heat Transfer Convective
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Figure 1.2: Convective heat flow T
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Newton's cooling law defines the co
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Radiative Heat Transfer Radiative h
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Figure 1.4: Infrared radiation leav
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Thermal infrared radiation impingin
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Reflections off Specular and Diffus
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Reflections off Specular and Diffus
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Radiant Energy Related to Target Su
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The Stefan-Boltzmann law: W= σƐT
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Figure 1.6: Typical blackbody distr
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1.4 Practical Infrared Measurements
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Characteristics of the Target Surfa
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Referring back to Figure 1.5, the t
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Characteristics of the Transmitting
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Figure 1.10; Transmission of 10m (3
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Figure 1.11: Transmission, absorpti
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Figure 1.12: Transmission curves of
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Chapter 1 Review Questions Q&A 1. b
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Q4. Heat can only flow in the direc
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Q10. The follow ing spectral band i
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Q16. In forced convection, the boun
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Q22. In the 8 to 14 μm spectral re
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2.1 Materials Characteristics A kno
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For an emissivity reference table t
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Errors because of point source refl
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View Angle The angle between the in
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Thermal Conductivity Thermal conduc
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Thermal Diffusivity As in emissivit
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Partial 2.1 Table 2.1: d i'ffusivit
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Partial Table 2.2 Table 2.2: Normal
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Chapter 2 Review Questions Q&A 1. c
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4. When measuring the temperature o
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10. A highly textured surface is sa
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3.1 Thermal Instrumentation Overvie
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Thermopile- Thermoelectric Seebeck
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What is a IR Thermopile? (non-conta
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IR Thermopile Quad Sensor (non-cont
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Thermocouple A thermocouple is a te
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Bourdon Gas Thermometers 5 f\G.3 0
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Liquid Crystal Thermometer A liquid
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Bimetallic Thermometers Dial Spiral
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In RTD devices; Copper, Nickel and
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Platinum Resistance Thermometer Cha
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RTD Materials Different materials u
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Operations of RTD An RTD takes a me
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Benefits of Thin Film RTD There are
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Thermistor +V r===~ Op A p V to A I
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3.2 Contacting Thermal Measuring De
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■ Thermocouple Thermocouples are
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■ Thermistors Thermistors arc als
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3.3 Optical Pyrometers Optical pyro
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Pyrometer A pyrometer is a type of
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Brightness Pyrometers -Wien’s Law
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The processing electronics unit amp
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Infrared Detector An infrared detec
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Figure 3.2: Response Curves of Vari
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The mercury cadmium telluride (HgCd
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Infrared Optics - Lenses, Mirrors a
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Field of View (FOV) A field of view
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What is IFOV? A measure of the spat
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Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV)
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3.5 Scanning and Imaging When probl
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Line Scanning When the measurement
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Two-dimensional Scanning - Thermal
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Figure 3.5: Optomechanlcally scanne
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Pyroelectric Vidicon Thermal Imager
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Figure 3.6: Typical uncooled infrar
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IRFPA Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang htt
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3.6 Performance Parameters of Infra
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Performance parameters of qualitati
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Temperature Range Temperature range
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Temperature Sensitivity Temperature
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Speed of Response Speed of response
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Figure 3.7: Instrument speed to res
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Figure 3.8: Instrument field-of-vie
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D ≡ αd D = spot size (approximat
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Output Requirements Output requirem
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Spectral Range Spectral range denot
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Spectrall y selective instrumems us
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Figure 3.9: Spectral response of an
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3.7 Performance Characteristics of
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The total field of view for a line
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Instantaneous Field of View IFOV In
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Recalling! Temperature sensitivity
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IFOV - MTF The 0.35 MTF refers to:
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Fig. 2a. Slit Response Function. Ca
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Minimum Resolvable Temperature Diff
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EXAM score! D=σ∙d IFOV ratio = d
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Answer: D= σ•d, IFOV ration= 1/
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Break Time - Kenya Coffee Picker Ch
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Portable Handheld Devices Charlie C
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Temperature sensitivity and readabi
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Hand Held Infrared Module Charlie C
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Note that the laser beam docs not r
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Emissivity set controls, located in
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IR Sensor Module Charlie Chong/ Fio
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IR Sensor Module Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Two-color Pyrometers or Ratio Pyrom
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Phenomena which are non-dynamic in
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Some ratio thermometers use more th
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Infrared Radiometric Microscopes Ch
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Line Scanners Line scanners are div
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Special Purpose Devices Special pur
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FLIR- Forward Looking Infrared Char
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Typically, the total field of view
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Pyroelectric devices have no direct
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Figure 3.12: Infrared focal plane a
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Infrared focal plane array imager C
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Infrared focal plane array imager C
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On-board capabilities include isoth
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ccc Electron Microscope Image of mi
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Platinum Silicide IrFPA 19 t«lU 98
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Quantitative IR Image Charlie Chong
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Quantitative Thermal Measurements S
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In addition to the spot measurement
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Stored images can be retrieved, dis
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Calibration Accessories Infrared ra
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Online printers and plotters are re
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Q1. The thermal resolution of an in
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Q7. The 3 to 5 μm spectral region
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Q13. A line scanner can be used to
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Q19. For which of the following app
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Q25. Two-color (ratio) pyrometers m
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Chapter 4 Operating Equipment and U
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■ Emissivity Differences ∆τ Em
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Causes of Real Temperature Changes
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Mass Transport Differences (Fluid F
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Figure 4.1: An indication of water
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Thermal Capacitance Differences ∆
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■ Induced Heating Differences (by
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Induced Heating Differences Charlie
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■ Energy Conversion Differences E
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Figure 4.3: Catalytic reformer vess
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Infrared Thermogram Energy Conversi
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Infrared Thermogram Energy Conversi
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■ Combination of Heat Transfer Me
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Infrared Thermogram of a running mo
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■ Spectral Considerations in Prod
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Page 335 and 336: Figure 4.9: Measuring temperature o
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Page 347 and 348: Comments: ■ ■ ■ Thermal resol
Page 349 and 350: Figure 4.11 : Test configuration fo
Page 351 and 352: 3. Reduce the ΔT until the image i
Page 353 and 354: ■ Imaging Spatial Resolution Imag
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Page 363 and 364: ■ Learning the Startup Procedure
Page 365 and 366: ■ Setting the Correct Effective E
Page 367 and 368: Figure 4.14: Test configuration for
Page 369 and 370: ■ Measuring and Reporting Tempera
Page 371 and 372: ■ Recognizing and Avoiding Reflec
Page 373 and 374: ■ Measuring the Appropriate Backg
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Page 381 and 382: ■ Electrical Safety Failure to re
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Page 385 and 386: 4.4 Record Keeping Keeping thorough
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Page 395 and 396: 5.1 Overview of Applications Becaus
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Page 401 and 402: Excessive heating due to a defectiv
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Page 405 and 406: Moisture in Airframes The detection
Page 407 and 408: Process Control and Product Monitor
Page 409 and 410: The differences produced by this co
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Page 413 and 414: Thermogram of helicopter taken at n
Page 415 and 416: Aircraft Under IR Trap Charlie Chon
Page 417 and 418: Instruments used for these applicat
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Page 425 and 426: Work energy is expended by friction
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5.4 Fluid Flow Investigations For s
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Figure 1.7: Thermographs of valve (
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■ Building Insulation and Other F
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Figures 5.8 and 5.9 illustrate thes
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Figure 5.9: Example of air exfiltra
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Example of air exfiltration Charlie
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■ Refractory Systems Industrial s
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Refractory Thermogram Charlie Chong
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■ Subsurface Discontinuity Detect
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Figure 5.11: An example of passive
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The equipment necessary to perform
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Figure 5.12: Example of active (hea
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Typical failure modes of the materi
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Figure 5.13: Test of aircraft deici
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DC - 9 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Figure 5.14: Conceptual sketch of t
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In this case. however, the heat pul
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Figure 5.15: Erosion/corrosion dama
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737 aircraft Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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When there has been adequate solar
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Liquid Level Detection Thermal capa
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Unstimulated and Stimulated Approac
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Subsurface Discontinuity Detection
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1. A major area of infrared nondest
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5. The diagnostics involved in dete
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9. Thermography has been successful
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Appendix A Glossary The following a
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Ambient temperature - Temperature o
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Figure A-1 Apparent ambient tempera
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13.Blackbody, blackbody radiator -
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Alas! Heat Capacity Volumetric = C
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27.Detector, infrared - A transduce
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Thermal Effusivity In Thermodynamic
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Alas! Exitance = Rodiosity for my A
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45.Frame repetition rate - The time
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Thermal Inertia Thermal inertia is
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Instantaneous field of View (lFOV)
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Laser pyrometer - Laser pyrometer -
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Figure 3.2: Response Curves of Vari
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Compare: Minimum resolvable tempera
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86.Radiation rererenee source - A b
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101. Sector - For a line scanner, a
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113. Subtense, angular - The angula
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121. Thermal wave imaging - A term
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125. Thermogram - A thermal map or
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Appendix B Cost Benefit Determinati
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Although the calculations are quite
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96 ASNT Level Ill Study Guide: Infr
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Appendix C, Commonly Used Infrared
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Appendix C, Commonly Used Infrared
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Peach - 我爱桃子 Charlie Cho
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Good Luck Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Understanding Infrared Thermography Reading 3

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