Understanding Infrared Thermography Reading 3

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5.3 Friction Investigations Friction generates heat as energy conversion from mechanical energy to thermal energy. Sliding friction is a force that acts on one body sliding over another. The maximum force of friction that one body is capable of exerting over another is directly proportional to the normal, or perpendicular force with which the bodies are pressed together. This proportionality is called the coefficient of friction and the equation for sliding friction is: f = μ N where: f μ N = the maximum force of friction. = the coefficient of friction. = the normal force with which the two bodies are pressed together. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Work energy is expended by frictional force and converted to stored heat. This stored heat is then conducted. convected and radiated to the surroundings. which can be sensed and measured using thermal instruments. The heating and resultant damage from excessive friction is one of the most common types of mechanical failure detectable by infrared thermography. Many of the mechanical failures located by thermography occur in rotating machinery. Problems caused by friction include worn, contaminated or poorly lubricated bearings and couplings and misaligned shafts. Typical findings occur in motor bearings such as that shown in Figure 5.6 where the temperature imbalance on a blower fan is because of uneven friction as seen through the end screen. The apparent temperature on the tower section is about 10 °C (18 °F) warmer than the upper section. Friction investigations applicable to thermography also include air turbulence flow studies in aircraft and spacecraft modeling, machine gear and belt temperature monitoring and effectiveness studies for the cooling of machine tools. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Infrared Thermal Testing Reading II
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Infrared Thermography ~-- ... ... .
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Infrared Thermography Charlie Chong
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See Through & Fun Thermal Camera Ex
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How to see through clothing 2 I'
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Apache IR Thermal Weaponry ■ http
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Greek alphabet Letter Name Sound An
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Greek letter l fl 0 I1 p u w Charli
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SGuide-IRT Content Part 1 of 2 ■
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1.1 Introduction to Principles & Th
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The infrared thermal imaging equipm
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The three modes of heat transfer ar
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The three modes of heat transfer ar
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Temperature and Temperature Scales
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Boston Tea Party - New governances
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The Mighty Fahrenheit & ⅝”, Eng
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Absolute zero is equal to - 273.16
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The Fourier conduction Law expresse
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The Fourier conduction Law ( One di
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Convective Heat Transfer Convective
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Figure 1.2: Convective heat flow T
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Newton's cooling law defines the co
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Radiative Heat Transfer Radiative h
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Figure 1.4: Infrared radiation leav
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Thermal infrared radiation impingin
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Reflections off Specular and Diffus
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Reflections off Specular and Diffus
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Radiant Energy Related to Target Su
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The Stefan-Boltzmann law: W= σƐT
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Figure 1.6: Typical blackbody distr
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1.4 Practical Infrared Measurements
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Characteristics of the Target Surfa
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Referring back to Figure 1.5, the t
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Characteristics of the Transmitting
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Figure 1.10; Transmission of 10m (3
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Figure 1.11: Transmission, absorpti
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Figure 1.12: Transmission curves of
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Chapter 1 Review Questions Q&A 1. b
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Q4. Heat can only flow in the direc
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Q10. The follow ing spectral band i
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Q16. In forced convection, the boun
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Q22. In the 8 to 14 μm spectral re
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2.1 Materials Characteristics A kno
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For an emissivity reference table t
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Errors because of point source refl
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View Angle The angle between the in
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Thermal Conductivity Thermal conduc
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Thermal Diffusivity As in emissivit
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Partial 2.1 Table 2.1: d i'ffusivit
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Partial Table 2.2 Table 2.2: Normal
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Chapter 2 Review Questions Q&A 1. c
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4. When measuring the temperature o
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10. A highly textured surface is sa
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3.1 Thermal Instrumentation Overvie
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Thermopile- Thermoelectric Seebeck
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What is a IR Thermopile? (non-conta
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IR Thermopile Quad Sensor (non-cont
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Thermocouple A thermocouple is a te
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Bourdon Gas Thermometers 5 f\G.3 0
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Liquid Crystal Thermometer A liquid
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Bimetallic Thermometers Dial Spiral
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In RTD devices; Copper, Nickel and
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Platinum Resistance Thermometer Cha
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RTD Materials Different materials u
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Operations of RTD An RTD takes a me
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Benefits of Thin Film RTD There are
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Thermistor +V r===~ Op A p V to A I
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3.2 Contacting Thermal Measuring De
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■ Thermocouple Thermocouples are
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■ Thermistors Thermistors arc als
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3.3 Optical Pyrometers Optical pyro
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Pyrometer A pyrometer is a type of
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Brightness Pyrometers -Wien’s Law
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The processing electronics unit amp
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Infrared Detector An infrared detec
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Figure 3.2: Response Curves of Vari
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The mercury cadmium telluride (HgCd
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Infrared Optics - Lenses, Mirrors a
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Field of View (FOV) A field of view
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What is IFOV? A measure of the spat
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Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV)
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3.5 Scanning and Imaging When probl
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Line Scanning When the measurement
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Two-dimensional Scanning - Thermal
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Figure 3.5: Optomechanlcally scanne
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Pyroelectric Vidicon Thermal Imager
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Figure 3.6: Typical uncooled infrar
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IRFPA Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang htt
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3.6 Performance Parameters of Infra
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Performance parameters of qualitati
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Temperature Range Temperature range
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Temperature Sensitivity Temperature
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Speed of Response Speed of response
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Figure 3.7: Instrument speed to res
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Figure 3.8: Instrument field-of-vie
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D ≡ αd D = spot size (approximat
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Output Requirements Output requirem
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Spectral Range Spectral range denot
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Spectrall y selective instrumems us
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Figure 3.9: Spectral response of an
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3.7 Performance Characteristics of
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The total field of view for a line
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Instantaneous Field of View IFOV In
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Recalling! Temperature sensitivity
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IFOV - MTF The 0.35 MTF refers to:
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Fig. 2a. Slit Response Function. Ca
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Minimum Resolvable Temperature Diff
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EXAM score! D=σ∙d IFOV ratio = d
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Answer: D= σ•d, IFOV ration= 1/
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Break Time - Kenya Coffee Picker Ch
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Portable Handheld Devices Charlie C
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Temperature sensitivity and readabi
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Hand Held Infrared Module Charlie C
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Note that the laser beam docs not r
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Emissivity set controls, located in
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IR Sensor Module Charlie Chong/ Fio
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IR Sensor Module Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Two-color Pyrometers or Ratio Pyrom
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Phenomena which are non-dynamic in
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Some ratio thermometers use more th
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Infrared Radiometric Microscopes Ch
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Line Scanners Line scanners are div
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Special Purpose Devices Special pur
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FLIR- Forward Looking Infrared Char
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Typically, the total field of view
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Pyroelectric devices have no direct
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Figure 3.12: Infrared focal plane a
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Infrared focal plane array imager C
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Infrared focal plane array imager C
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On-board capabilities include isoth
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ccc Electron Microscope Image of mi
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Platinum Silicide IrFPA 19 t«lU 98
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Quantitative IR Image Charlie Chong
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Quantitative Thermal Measurements S
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In addition to the spot measurement
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Stored images can be retrieved, dis
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Calibration Accessories Infrared ra
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Online printers and plotters are re
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Q1. The thermal resolution of an in
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Q7. The 3 to 5 μm spectral region
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Q13. A line scanner can be used to
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Q19. For which of the following app
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Q25. Two-color (ratio) pyrometers m
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Chapter 4 Operating Equipment and U
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■ Emissivity Differences ∆τ Em
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Causes of Real Temperature Changes
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Mass Transport Differences (Fluid F
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Figure 4.1: An indication of water
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Thermal Capacitance Differences ∆
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■ Induced Heating Differences (by
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Induced Heating Differences Charlie
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■ Energy Conversion Differences E
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Figure 4.3: Catalytic reformer vess
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Infrared Thermogram Energy Conversi
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Infrared Thermogram Energy Conversi
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■ Combination of Heat Transfer Me
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Infrared Thermogram of a running mo
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■ Spectral Considerations in Prod
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Infrared Thermogram Charlie Chong/
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Infrared Thermogram ..... " I Charl
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Figure 4.5: Spectral selectivity fo
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Figure 4.7: temperature thermogram
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Figure 4.8 shows the transmission s
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Figure 4.9: Measuring temperature o
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IR Filter Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Figure 4.10: Line scanner for conti
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Preparation of Equipment for Operat
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If the instrument is out of cal ibr
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The batteries mentioned on the miss
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Comments: ■ ■ ■ Thermal resol
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Figure 4.11 : Test configuration fo
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3. Reduce the ΔT until the image i
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■ Imaging Spatial Resolution Imag
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A sample setup is illustrated in Fi
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5. If the modulation transfer funct
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Figure 4.13: Test configuration for
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4. Open slit until V meas = V max .
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■ Learning the Startup Procedure
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■ Setting the Correct Effective E
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Figure 4.14: Test configuration for
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■ Measuring and Reporting Tempera
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■ Recognizing and Avoiding Reflec
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5. The diagnostics involved in dete
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9. Thermography has been successful
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Appendix A Glossary The following a
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Ambient temperature - Temperature o
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Figure A-1 Apparent ambient tempera
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13.Blackbody, blackbody radiator -
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Alas! Heat Capacity Volumetric = C
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27.Detector, infrared - A transduce
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Thermal Effusivity In Thermodynamic
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Alas! Exitance = Rodiosity for my A
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45.Frame repetition rate - The time
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Thermal Inertia Thermal inertia is
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Instantaneous field of View (lFOV)
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Laser pyrometer - Laser pyrometer -
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Figure 3.2: Response Curves of Vari
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Compare: Minimum resolvable tempera
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86.Radiation rererenee source - A b
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101. Sector - For a line scanner, a
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113. Subtense, angular - The angula
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121. Thermal wave imaging - A term
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125. Thermogram - A thermal map or
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Appendix B Cost Benefit Determinati
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Although the calculations are quite
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96 ASNT Level Ill Study Guide: Infr
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Appendix C, Commonly Used Infrared
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Appendix C, Commonly Used Infrared
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Peach - 我爱桃子 Charlie Cho
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Good Luck Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Understanding Infrared Thermography Reading 3

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