Rad Data Handbook 20.. - Voss Associates

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Z # K K L L 45 Rh 20.21 22.72 2.70 2.83 86 Rn 83.80 94.88 11.72 14.32 44 Ru 19.28 21.66 2.56 2.68 16 S 2.31 2.46 X X 51 Sb 26.36 29.72 3.61 3.84 21 Sc 4.09 4.46 0.40 X 34 Se 11.22 12.50 1.38 1.42 106 Sg 14 Si 1.74 1.83 X X 62 Sm 40.12 45.40 5.64 6.21 50 Sn 25.27 28.48 3.44 3.66 38 Sr 14.16 15.83 1.81 1.87 73 Ta 57.52 65.21 8.15 9.34 65 Tb 44.47 50.39 6.28 6.98 43 Tc 18.41 19.61 2.42 2.54 52 Te 27.47 30.99 3.77 4.03 90 Th 93.33 105.59 12.97 16.20 22 Ti 4.51 4.93 0.45 0.46 81 Tl 72.86 82.56 10.27 12.21 69 Tm 50.73 57.58 7.18 8.10 74 W 59.31 67.23 8.40 9.67 92 U 98.43 111.29 13.61 17.22 23 V 4.95 5.43 0.51 0.52 54 Xe 29.80 33.64 4.11 4.42 39 Y 14.96 16.74 1.92 2.00 70 Yb 52.36 59.35 7.41 8.40 30 Zn 8.64 9.57 1.01 1.03 40 Zr 15.77 17.67 2.04 2.12 Z # K K L L 45 Rh 20.21 22.72 2.70 2.83 86 Rn 83.80 94.88 11.72 14.32 44 Ru 19.28 21.66 2.56 2.68 16 S 2.31 2.46 X X 51 Sb 26.36 29.72 3.61 3.84 21 Sc 4.09 4.46 0.40 X 34 Se 11.22 12.50 1.38 1.42 106 Sg 14 Si 1.74 1.83 X X 62 Sm 40.12 45.40 5.64 6.21 50 Sn 25.27 28.48 3.44 3.66 38 Sr 14.16 15.83 1.81 1.87 73 Ta 57.52 65.21 8.15 9.34 65 Tb 44.47 50.39 6.28 6.98 43 Tc 18.41 19.61 2.42 2.54 52 Te 27.47 30.99 3.77 4.03 90 Th 93.33 105.59 12.97 16.20 22 Ti 4.51 4.93 0.45 0.46 81 Tl 72.86 82.56 10.27 12.21 69 Tm 50.73 57.58 7.18 8.10 74 W 59.31 67.23 8.40 9.67 92 U 98.43 111.29 13.61 17.22 23 V 4.95 5.43 0.51 0.52 54 Xe 29.80 33.64 4.11 4.42 39 Y 14.96 16.74 1.92 2.00 70 Yb 52.36 59.35 7.41 8.40 30 Zn 8.64 9.57 1.01 1.03 40 Zr 15.77 17.67 2.04 2.12 106 106 Z # K K L L 45 Rh 20.21 22.72 2.70 2.83 86 Rn 83.80 94.88 11.72 14.32 44 Ru 19.28 21.66 2.56 2.68 16 S 2.31 2.46 X X 51 Sb 26.36 29.72 3.61 3.84 21 Sc 4.09 4.46 0.40 X 34 Se 11.22 12.50 1.38 1.42 106 Sg 14 Si 1.74 1.83 X X 62 Sm 40.12 45.40 5.64 6.21 50 Sn 25.27 28.48 3.44 3.66 38 Sr 14.16 15.83 1.81 1.87 73 Ta 57.52 65.21 8.15 9.34 65 Tb 44.47 50.39 6.28 6.98 43 Tc 18.41 19.61 2.42 2.54 52 Te 27.47 30.99 3.77 4.03 90 Th 93.33 105.59 12.97 16.20 22 Ti 4.51 4.93 0.45 0.46 81 Tl 72.86 82.56 10.27 12.21 69 Tm 50.73 57.58 7.18 8.10 74 W 59.31 67.23 8.40 9.67 92 U 98.43 111.29 13.61 17.22 23 V 4.95 5.43 0.51 0.52 54 Xe 29.80 33.64 4.11 4.42 39 Y 14.96 16.74 1.92 2.00 70 Yb 52.36 59.35 7.41 8.40 30 Zn 8.64 9.57 1.01 1.03 40 Zr 15.77 17.67 2.04 2.12 Z # K K L L 45 Rh 20.21 22.72 2.70 2.83 86 Rn 83.80 94.88 11.72 14.32 44 Ru 19.28 21.66 2.56 2.68 16 S 2.31 2.46 X X 51 Sb 26.36 29.72 3.61 3.84 21 Sc 4.09 4.46 0.40 X 34 Se 11.22 12.50 1.38 1.42 106 Sg 14 Si 1.74 1.83 X X 62 Sm 40.12 45.40 5.64 6.21 50 Sn 25.27 28.48 3.44 3.66 38 Sr 14.16 15.83 1.81 1.87 73 Ta 57.52 65.21 8.15 9.34 65 Tb 44.47 50.39 6.28 6.98 43 Tc 18.41 19.61 2.42 2.54 52 Te 27.47 30.99 3.77 4.03 90 Th 93.33 105.59 12.97 16.20 22 Ti 4.51 4.93 0.45 0.46 81 Tl 72.86 82.56 10.27 12.21 69 Tm 50.73 57.58 7.18 8.10 74 W 59.31 67.23 8.40 9.67 92 U 98.43 111.29 13.61 17.22 23 V 4.95 5.43 0.51 0.52 54 Xe 29.80 33.64 4.11 4.42 39 Y 14.96 16.74 1.92 2.00 70 Yb 52.36 59.35 7.41 8.40 30 Zn 8.64 9.57 1.01 1.03 40 Zr 15.77 17.67 2.04 2.12 106 106
COUNTING STATISTICS COUNTING STATISTICS 2 Minimum Detectable Activity k + 2kRB x t S+B x (1+t S+B/t B) (MDA) MDA = t x Eff Minimum Detectable Count Rate 2 LLD = L = MDCR k + 2kR x t x (1+t /t ) S+B D B S+B S+B B t S+B 2 Minimum Detectable Activity k + 2kRB x t S+B x (1+t S+B/t B) (MDA) MDA = t x Eff Minimum Detectable Count Rate 2 LLD = L = MDCR k + 2kR x t x (1+t /t ) S+B D B S+B S+B B t S+B L C = k x R B x t S+B + R B x tB k = 1.645 (for 95% Confidence Level) t S+B = sample count time t B = background count time R B = background count rate Eff = efficiency of the detector (expressed as a decimal) R S+B = sample count rate LLD is Lower Limit of Detection L D is the Decision Level L C is the Critical Level and generally expressed as counts (or signal level) above background K 0.674 1 1.645 1.96 2.58 3.00 % C.L. 50 68.3 90 95 99 99.7 If R B is in DPM it must be converted to CPM before using the above equations. A ‘k’ of 1.645 is used as the 95% confidence level for a twotailed distribution. Gaussian statistics should be used for > 30 counts and Poisson statistics for < 30 counts. The typical formulas such as those above are an attempt to blend the two statistical models. 107 L C = k x R B x t S+B + R B x tB k = 1.645 (for 95% Confidence Level) t S+B = sample count time t B = background count time R B = background count rate Eff = efficiency of the detector (expressed as a decimal) R S+B = sample count rate LLD is Lower Limit of Detection L D is the Decision Level L C is the Critical Level and generally expressed as counts (or signal level) above background K 0.674 1 1.645 1.96 2.58 3.00 % C.L. 50 68.3 90 95 99 99.7 If R B is in DPM it must be converted to CPM before using the above equations. A ‘k’ of 1.645 is used as the 95% confidence level for a twotailed distribution. Gaussian statistics should be used for > 30 counts and Poisson statistics for < 30 counts. The typical formulas such as those above are an attempt to blend the two statistical models. 107 COUNTING STATISTICS COUNTING STATISTICS 2 Minimum Detectable Activity k + 2kRB x t S+B x (1+t S+B/t B) (MDA) MDA = t x Eff Minimum Detectable Count Rate 2 LLD = L = MDCR k + 2kR x t x (1+t /t ) S+B D B S+B S+B B t S+B 2 Minimum Detectable Activity k + 2kRB x t S+B x (1+t S+B/t B) (MDA) MDA = t x Eff Minimum Detectable Count Rate 2 LLD = L = MDCR k + 2kR x t x (1+t /t ) S+B D B S+B S+B B t S+B L C = k x R B x t S+B + R B x tB k = 1.645 (for 95% Confidence Level) t S+B = sample count time t B = background count time R B = background count rate Eff = efficiency of the detector (expressed as a decimal) R S+B = sample count rate LLD is Lower Limit of Detection L D is the Decision Level L C is the Critical Level and generally expressed as counts (or signal level) above background K 0.674 1 1.645 1.96 2.58 3.00 % C.L. 50 68.3 90 95 99 99.7 If R B is in DPM it must be converted to CPM before using the above equations. A ‘k’ of 1.645 is used as the 95% confidence level for a twotailed distribution. Gaussian statistics should be used for > 30 counts and Poisson statistics for < 30 counts. The typical formulas such as those above are an attempt to blend the two statistical models. 107 L C = k x R B x t S+B + R B x tB k = 1.645 (for 95% Confidence Level) t S+B = sample count time t B = background count time R B = background count rate Eff = efficiency of the detector (expressed as a decimal) R S+B = sample count rate LLD is Lower Limit of Detection L D is the Decision Level L C is the Critical Level and generally expressed as counts (or signal level) above background K 0.674 1 1.645 1.96 2.58 3.00 % C.L. 50 68.3 90 95 99 99.7 B If R is in DPM it must be converted to CPM before using the above equations. A ‘k’ of 1.645 is used as the 95% confidence level for a twotailed distribution. Gaussian statistics should be used for > 30 counts and Poisson statistics for < 30 counts. The typical formulas such as those above are an attempt to blend the two statistical models. 107
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Abbreviations 115 Activity vs Expos
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RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE Wri
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HAZARD CONTROL PRIORITIES DURING ME
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ACUTE RADIATION EFFECTS 0 - 25 REM
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TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Z Density Z D
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Relative Locations of Products of N
Page 13 and 14:
RADIOACTIVE DECAY MODES OF COMMONLY
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Progeny kev and % abundance 55 Fe 5
Page 17 and 18:
Progeny kev and % abundance 99 Mo 9
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Progeny kev and % abundance 208 Tl
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Progeny kev and % abundance 229 Th
Page 23 and 24:
Progeny kev and % abundance 241 Am
Page 25 and 26:
Progeny kev and % abundance Progeny
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Progeny kev and % abundance 222 Rn
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Neptunium Decay Chain (4n + 1) st 1
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Actinium Decay Chain (4n + 3) st 1
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Ci / g = 3.578E5 / (T 1/2 in years
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Rem/hr / Ci Sv/hr / GBq Half-Life C
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Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
mRem/hr mSv/hr 1ì 10ì 100ì 1ì 1
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RADIATION BIOLOGY Maximum survivabl
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INTERNAL DOSIMETRY Calculating CDE
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EQUIVALENT DOSE, EFFECTIVE DOSE, an
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CALCULATING TODE AND TEDE TEDE = DD
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SHIELDING MATERIALS α a single she
Page 57 and 58: Beta Dose Rates in rad/hr per mCi M
Page 59 and 60: Combining Radiation Types to Determ
Page 61 and 62: NEUTRON SHIELD THICKNESS I = I0e -N
Page 63 and 64: Exposure Rate in an Air-Filled Ion
Page 65 and 66: Inverse Square Law 2 2 X 1 (D) 1 =
Page 67 and 68: Table 1 of DOE 5400.5 Surface Activ
Page 69 and 70: 6CEN The 6CEN equation can be used
Page 71 and 72: Ventilation Rates Ventilation rates
Page 73 and 74: AIR FLOW METER CORRECTIONS Mass Flo
Page 75 and 76: 10CFR20 DAC 10CFR835 DAC 10CFR20 AL
Page 103 and 104: External Exposure in a Cloud of Air
Page 105 and 106: Characteristic X-Rays (KeV) of the
Page 107: Z # K K L L 103 Lr 71 Lu 54.06 61.2
Page 111 and 112: ELEVATION VS AIR PRESSURE Barometri
Page 113 and 114: NE Omaha 983 UT Cedar City 5,623 NH
Page 115 and 116: COMPOSITION OF AIR Density of Symbo
Page 117 and 118: ABBREVIATIONS ampere A, or amp angs
Page 119 and 120: Mass 1 gram = 0.03527 ounces 1 ounc
Page 121 and 122: Radiological 1 BTU = 235 1.28E-8 g
Page 123 and 124: CONSTANTS Avogadro's number (N 0) 6
Page 125 and 126: ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Wavelength
Page 127 and 128: 5. Air-proportional alpha detectors
Page 129 and 130: 32 7. The bremsstrahlung from a 1 C
Page 131 and 132: RULES OF THUMB FOR NEUTRONS 1. The
Page 133 and 134: Spontaneous Fission Neutron and Gam
Page 135 and 136: Energy & Yield of neutrons from the
Page 137 and 138: WG Pu 15 years after fabrication 23
Page 139 and 140: Isotopic Mix of Natural U 238 U 234
Page 141 and 142: MISCELLANEOUS RULES OF THUMB 1. One
Page 143 and 144: PUBLIC RADIATION DOSES Average per
Page 145 and 146: COMPARATIVE RISKS OF RADIATION EXPO
Page 147 and 148: Voss Associates provides valuable t
Page 149: Publications Radiation Data Radiati
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