Rad Data Handbook 20.. - Voss Associates

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Photon Fluence Rate ö from a Point Source ö = 2 2 AY / 4ðr = photon fluence rate (ã / cm -hr) A = source activity (decay per hr) Y = photon yield (ã / decay) r = distance from point source (cm) Exposure Rate (X) from a Point Source X (R/hr) = ÃA / r 2 Ã = specific gamma ray constant (R/hr @ 1 meter per Ci) A = activity of source in curies r = distance from source in meters Exposure Rate (X) from a Line Source Inside L / 2: X 1 (d 1) = X 2 (d 2) 2 2 Outside L / 2: X 1 (d 1) = X 2 (d 2) d 1 = distance from source at location 1 d 2 = distance from source at location 2 L = length of line Note that outside of L / 2 the equation is the same as the inverse square law. Exposure Rate (X) from a Disk Source 2 2 2 2 2 X (R/hr) = ð R AÃ a x ln[(R + D ) / D ]/R Ã = R/hr @ 1 meter per Ci A a = activity per unit area (curies per sq. meter) R = radius of source surface in meters D = distance from source surface in meters Simplify the formula by canceling the R 2 s 2 2 2 X (R/hr) = ð AaÃ x ln[(R + D ) / D ] 62 Photon Fluence Rate ö from a Point Source ö = 2 2 AY / 4ðr = photon fluence rate (ã / cm -hr) A = source activity (decay per hr) Y = photon yield (ã / decay) r = distance from point source (cm) Exposure Rate (X) from a Point Source X (R/hr) = ÃA / r 2 Ã = specific gamma ray constant (R/hr @ 1 meter per Ci) A = activity of source in curies r = distance from source in meters Exposure Rate (X) from a Line Source Inside L / 2: X 1 (d 1) = X 2 (d 2) 2 2 Outside L / 2: X 1 (d 1) = X 2 (d 2) d 1 = distance from source at location 1 d 2 = distance from source at location 2 L = length of line Note that outside of L / 2 the equation is the same as the inverse square law. Exposure Rate (X) from a Disk Source 2 2 2 2 2 X (R/hr) = ð R AÃ a x ln[(R + D ) / D ]/R Ã = R/hr @ 1 meter per Ci A a = activity per unit area (curies per sq. meter) R = radius of source surface in meters D = distance from source surface in meters Simplify the formula by canceling the R 2 s 2 2 2 X (R/hr) = ð AaÃ x ln[(R + D ) / D ] 62 Photon Fluence Rate ö from a Point Source ö = 2 2 AY / 4ðr = photon fluence rate (ã / cm -hr) A = source activity (decay per hr) Y = photon yield (ã / decay) r = distance from point source (cm) Exposure Rate (X) from a Point Source X (R/hr) = ÃA / r 2 Ã = specific gamma ray constant (R/hr @ 1 meter per Ci) A = activity of source in curies r = distance from source in meters Exposure Rate (X) from a Line Source Inside L / 2: X 1 (d 1) = X 2 (d 2) 2 2 Outside L / 2: X 1 (d 1) = X 2 (d 2) d 1 = distance from source at location 1 d 2 = distance from source at location 2 L = length of line Note that outside of L / 2 the equation is the same as the inverse square law. Exposure Rate (X) from a Disk Source 2 2 2 2 2 X (R/hr) = ð R AÃ a x ln[(R + D ) / D ]/R Ã = R/hr @ 1 meter per Ci A a = activity per unit area (curies per sq. meter) R = radius of source surface in meters D = distance from source surface in meters Simplify the formula by canceling the R 2 s 2 2 2 X (R/hr) = ð AaÃ x ln[(R + D ) / D ] 62 Photon Fluence Rate ö from a Point Source ö = 2 2 AY / 4ðr = photon fluence rate (ã / cm -hr) A = source activity (decay per hr) Y = photon yield (ã / decay) r = distance from point source (cm) Exposure Rate (X) from a Point Source X (R/hr) = ÃA / r 2 Ã = specific gamma ray constant (R/hr @ 1 meter per Ci) A = activity of source in curies r = distance from source in meters Exposure Rate (X) from a Line Source Inside L / 2: X 1 (d 1) = X 2 (d 2) 2 2 Outside L / 2: X 1 (d 1) = X 2 (d 2) d 1 = distance from source at location 1 d 2 = distance from source at location 2 L = length of line Note that outside of L / 2 the equation is the same as the inverse square law. Exposure Rate (X) from a Disk Source 2 2 2 2 2 X (R/hr) = ð R AÃ a x ln[(R + D ) / D ]/R Ã = R/hr @ 1 meter per Ci A a = activity per unit area (curies per sq. meter) R = radius of source surface in meters D = distance from source surface in meters Simplify the formula by canceling the R 2 s 2 2 2 X (R/hr) = ð AaÃ x ln[(R + D ) / D ] 62
Inverse Square Law 2 2 X 1 (D) 1 = X 2 (D) 2 X 1 = Measured exposure rate 2 D 1 = Distance from source for the measured exposure rate X 2 = Exposure rate to be calculated 2 D = New distance from the source 2 Applying the Inverse Square Law to Dose Reduction Given: A high activity source at an unknown distance. Find: Exposure rate from the source at 30 cm without approaching closer to the source. X 2 is measured exposure rate at distance Y X 3 is measured exposure rate at distance Y + 100 cm 2 2 X 2 (Y) = X 3 (Y + 100 cm) 2 2 Y = X (Y + 100 cm) / X 3 2 Set up this equation by entering the exposure rates you measured at distances Y and Y + 100 cm Let us assume 100 mr/hr and 50 mr/hr for those two points. 2 2 2 Y = 50 (Y + 100 cm) / 100 = 0.5Y + 100Y + 5,000 2 simplify this to Y - 200Y - 10,000 = 0 This quadratic equation can be factored into two answers. The positive answer for Y is 241.42 cm. Now we know the distance for exposure rate X 2 and we can calculate the exposure rate at any distance. The exposure rate at 30 cm would be 6,476 mR/hr but we were able to calculate that exposure rate without entering the High Radiation Area. A simpler method without having to factor a quadratic equation is to back AWAY from the source until the exposure rate is 1/4 of the initial rate. The distance you moved away is equal to the original distance to the source. Now you can use the inverse square law to calculate the 30 cm exposure rate. 63 Inverse Square Law 2 2 X 1 (D) 1 = X 2 (D) 2 X 1 = Measured exposure rate 2 D 1 = Distance from source for the measured exposure rate X 2 = Exposure rate to be calculated 2 D = New distance from the source 2 Applying the Inverse Square Law to Dose Reduction Given: A high activity source at an unknown distance. Find: Exposure rate from the source at 30 cm without approaching closer to the source. X 2 is measured exposure rate at distance Y X 3 is measured exposure rate at distance Y + 100 cm 2 2 X 2 (Y) = X 3 (Y + 100 cm) 2 2 Y = X (Y + 100 cm) / X 3 2 Set up this equation by entering the exposure rates you measured at distances Y and Y + 100 cm Let us assume 100 mr/hr and 50 mr/hr for those two points. 2 2 2 Y = 50 (Y + 100 cm) / 100 = 0.5Y + 100Y + 5,000 2 simplify this to Y - 200Y - 10,000 = 0 This quadratic equation can be factored into two answers. The positive answer for Y is 241.42 cm. Now we know the distance for exposure rate X 2 and we can calculate the exposure rate at any distance. The exposure rate at 30 cm would be 6,476 mR/hr but we were able to calculate that exposure rate without entering the High Radiation Area. A simpler method without having to factor a quadratic equation is to back AWAY from the source until the exposure rate is 1/4 of the initial rate. The distance you moved away is equal to the original distance to the source. Now you can use the inverse square law to calculate the 30 cm exposure rate. 63 Inverse Square Law 2 2 X 1 (D) 1 = X 2 (D) 2 X 1 = Measured exposure rate 2 D 1 = Distance from source for the measured exposure rate X 2 = Exposure rate to be calculated 2 D = New distance from the source 2 Applying the Inverse Square Law to Dose Reduction Given: A high activity source at an unknown distance. Find: Exposure rate from the source at 30 cm without approaching closer to the source. X 2 is measured exposure rate at distance Y X 3 is measured exposure rate at distance Y + 100 cm 2 2 X 2 (Y) = X 3 (Y + 100 cm) 2 2 Y = X (Y + 100 cm) / X 3 2 Set up this equation by entering the exposure rates you measured at distances Y and Y + 100 cm Let us assume 100 mr/hr and 50 mr/hr for those two points. 2 2 2 Y = 50 (Y + 100 cm) / 100 = 0.5Y + 100Y + 5,000 2 simplify this to Y - 200Y - 10,000 = 0 This quadratic equation can be factored into two answers. The positive answer for Y is 241.42 cm. Now we know the distance for exposure rate X 2 and we can calculate the exposure rate at any distance. The exposure rate at 30 cm would be 6,476 mR/hr but we were able to calculate that exposure rate without entering the High Radiation Area. A simpler method without having to factor a quadratic equation is to back AWAY from the source until the exposure rate is 1/4 of the initial rate. The distance you moved away is equal to the original distance to the source. Now you can use the inverse square law to calculate the 30 cm exposure rate. 63 Inverse Square Law 2 2 X 1 (D) 1 = X 2 (D) 2 X 1 = Measured exposure rate 2 D 1 = Distance from source for the measured exposure rate X 2 = Exposure rate to be calculated 2 D = New distance from the source 2 Applying the Inverse Square Law to Dose Reduction Given: A high activity source at an unknown distance. Find: Exposure rate from the source at 30 cm without approaching closer to the source. X 2 is measured exposure rate at distance Y X 3 is measured exposure rate at distance Y + 100 cm 2 2 X 2 (Y) = X 3 (Y + 100 cm) 2 2 Y = X (Y + 100 cm) / X 3 2 Set up this equation by entering the exposure rates you measured at distances Y and Y + 100 cm Let us assume 100 mr/hr and 50 mr/hr for those two points. 2 2 2 Y = 50 (Y + 100 cm) / 100 = 0.5Y + 100Y + 5,000 2 simplify this to Y - 200Y - 10,000 = 0 This quadratic equation can be factored into two answers. The positive answer for Y is 241.42 cm. Now we know the distance for exposure rate X 2 and we can calculate the exposure rate at any distance. The exposure rate at 30 cm would be 6,476 mR/hr but we were able to calculate that exposure rate without entering the High Radiation Area. A simpler method without having to factor a quadratic equation is to back AWAY from the source until the exposure rate is 1/4 of the initial rate. The distance you moved away is equal to the original distance to the source. Now you can use the inverse square law to calculate the 30 cm exposure rate. 63
Page 1 and 2:
Abbreviations 115 Activity vs Expos
Page 3 and 4:
RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE Wri
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HAZARD CONTROL PRIORITIES DURING ME
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ACUTE RADIATION EFFECTS 0 - 25 REM
Page 9 and 10:
TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Z Density Z D
Page 11 and 12:
Relative Locations of Products of N
Page 13 and 14: RADIOACTIVE DECAY MODES OF COMMONLY
Page 15 and 16: Progeny kev and % abundance 55 Fe 5
Page 17 and 18: Progeny kev and % abundance 99 Mo 9
Page 19 and 20: Progeny kev and % abundance 208 Tl
Page 21 and 22: Progeny kev and % abundance 229 Th
Page 23 and 24: Progeny kev and % abundance 241 Am
Page 25 and 26: Progeny kev and % abundance Progeny
Page 27 and 28: Progeny kev and % abundance 222 Rn
Page 29 and 30: Neptunium Decay Chain (4n + 1) st 1
Page 31 and 32: Actinium Decay Chain (4n + 3) st 1
Page 33 and 34: Ci / g = 3.578E5 / (T 1/2 in years
Page 35 and 36: Rem/hr / Ci Sv/hr / GBq Half-Life C
Page 45 and 46: mRem/hr mSv/hr 1ì 10ì 100ì 1ì 1
Page 47 and 48: RADIATION BIOLOGY Maximum survivabl
Page 49 and 50: INTERNAL DOSIMETRY Calculating CDE
Page 51 and 52: EQUIVALENT DOSE, EFFECTIVE DOSE, an
Page 53 and 54: CALCULATING TODE AND TEDE TEDE = DD
Page 55 and 56: SHIELDING MATERIALS α a single she
Page 57 and 58: Beta Dose Rates in rad/hr per mCi M
Page 59 and 60: Combining Radiation Types to Determ
Page 61 and 62: NEUTRON SHIELD THICKNESS I = I0e -N
Page 63: Exposure Rate in an Air-Filled Ion
Page 67 and 68: Table 1 of DOE 5400.5 Surface Activ
Page 69 and 70: 6CEN The 6CEN equation can be used
Page 71 and 72: Ventilation Rates Ventilation rates
Page 73 and 74: AIR FLOW METER CORRECTIONS Mass Flo
Page 75 and 76: 10CFR20 DAC 10CFR835 DAC 10CFR20 AL
Page 103 and 104: External Exposure in a Cloud of Air
Page 105 and 106: Characteristic X-Rays (KeV) of the
Page 107 and 108: Z # K K L L 103 Lr 71 Lu 54.06 61.2
Page 109 and 110: COUNTING STATISTICS COUNTING STATIS
Page 111 and 112: ELEVATION VS AIR PRESSURE Barometri
Page 113 and 114: NE Omaha 983 UT Cedar City 5,623 NH
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COMPOSITION OF AIR Density of Symbo
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ABBREVIATIONS ampere A, or amp angs
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Mass 1 gram = 0.03527 ounces 1 ounc
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Radiological 1 BTU = 235 1.28E-8 g
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CONSTANTS Avogadro's number (N 0) 6
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ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Wavelength
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5. Air-proportional alpha detectors
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32 7. The bremsstrahlung from a 1 C
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RULES OF THUMB FOR NEUTRONS 1. The
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Spontaneous Fission Neutron and Gam
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Energy & Yield of neutrons from the
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WG Pu 15 years after fabrication 23
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Isotopic Mix of Natural U 238 U 234
Page 141 and 142:
MISCELLANEOUS RULES OF THUMB 1. One
Page 143 and 144:
PUBLIC RADIATION DOSES Average per
Page 145 and 146:
COMPARATIVE RISKS OF RADIATION EXPO
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Voss Associates provides valuable t
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Publications Radiation Data Radiati
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Rad Data Handbook 20.. - Voss Associates

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