Rad Data Handbook 20.. - Voss Associates

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UNITS AND TERMINOLOGY “Special Units” SI Units Exposure Roentgen Coulombs / kg Dose rad (0.01 Gy) Gray (100 rad) Dose Equiv rem (0.01 Sv) Sievert (100 rem) Activity Curie (2.22 E12 dpm) Becquerel (1dps) 1 Roentgen = 2.58 E-4 coulomb / kg in air = 3 1 esu / cm in air = 87.7 ergs / gm in air = 98 ergs / gm in soft tissue 1 rad = 100 ergs / gm in any absorber 1 Gray = 10,000 ergs / gm in any absorber 1 rem = 1 rad x QF = 0.01 Sv H = DQN (from ICRP 26) H (Dose Equiv.) = D (absorbed dose) x Q (quality factor) x N (any other modifying factors) DEFINITIONS Acute any dose in a short period of time Chronic any dose in a long period of time Somatic effects in the exposed individual Genetic effects in the offspring of the exposed individual Teratogenic effects in the exposed unborn embryo/fetus Stochastic effects for which a probability exists and increases with increasing dose Non-Stochastic effects for which a threshold exists - (deterministic) effects do not occur below the threshold (examples; cataracts, erythema, epilation, acute radiation syndrome) UNITS AND TERMINOLOGY “Special Units” SI Units Exposure Roentgen Coulombs / kg Dose rad (0.01 Gy) Gray (100 rad) Dose Equiv rem (0.01 Sv) Sievert (100 rem) Activity Curie (2.22 E12 dpm) Becquerel (1dps) 1 Roentgen = 2.58 E-4 coulomb / kg in air = 3 1 esu / cm in air = 87.7 ergs / gm in air = 98 ergs / gm in soft tissue 1 rad = 100 ergs / gm in any absorber 1 Gray = 10,000 ergs / gm in any absorber 1 rem = 1 rad x QF = 0.01 Sv H = DQN (from ICRP 26) H (Dose Equiv.) = D (absorbed dose) x Q (quality factor) x N (any other modifying factors) DEFINITIONS Acute any dose in a short period of time Chronic any dose in a long period of time Somatic effects in the exposed individual Genetic effects in the offspring of the exposed individual Teratogenic effects in the exposed unborn embryo/fetus Stochastic effects for which a probability exists and increases with increasing dose Non-Stochastic effects for which a threshold exists - (deterministic) effects do not occur below the threshold (examples; cataracts, erythema, epilation, acute radiation syndrome) 140 140 UNITS AND TERMINOLOGY “Special Units” SI Units Exposure Roentgen Coulombs / kg Dose rad (0.01 Gy) Gray (100 rad) Dose Equiv rem (0.01 Sv) Sievert (100 rem) Activity Curie (2.22 E12 dpm) Becquerel (1dps) 1 Roentgen = 2.58 E-4 coulomb / kg in air = 3 1 esu / cm in air = 87.7 ergs / gm in air = 98 ergs / gm in soft tissue 1 rad = 100 ergs / gm in any absorber 1 Gray = 10,000 ergs / gm in any absorber 1 rem = 1 rad x QF = 0.01 Sv H = DQN (from ICRP 26) H (Dose Equiv.) = D (absorbed dose) x Q (quality factor) x N (any other modifying factors) DEFINITIONS Acute any dose in a short period of time Chronic any dose in a long period of time Somatic effects in the exposed individual Genetic effects in the offspring of the exposed individual Teratogenic effects in the exposed unborn embryo/fetus Stochastic effects for which a probability exists and increases with increasing dose Non-Stochastic effects for which a threshold exists - (deterministic) effects do not occur below the threshold (examples; cataracts, erythema, epilation, acute radiation syndrome) UNITS AND TERMINOLOGY “Special Units” SI Units Exposure Roentgen Coulombs / kg Dose rad (0.01 Gy) Gray (100 rad) Dose Equiv rem (0.01 Sv) Sievert (100 rem) Activity Curie (2.22 E12 dpm) Becquerel (1dps) 1 Roentgen = 2.58 E-4 coulomb / kg in air = 3 1 esu / cm in air = 87.7 ergs / gm in air = 98 ergs / gm in soft tissue 1 rad = 100 ergs / gm in any absorber 1 Gray = 10,000 ergs / gm in any absorber 1 rem = 1 rad x QF = 0.01 Sv H = DQN (from ICRP 26) H (Dose Equiv.) = D (absorbed dose) x Q (quality factor) x N (any other modifying factors) DEFINITIONS Acute any dose in a short period of time Chronic any dose in a long period of time Somatic effects in the exposed individual Genetic effects in the offspring of the exposed individual Teratogenic effects in the exposed unborn embryo/fetus Stochastic effects for which a probability exists and increases with increasing dose Non-Stochastic effects for which a threshold exists - (deterministic) effects do not occur below the threshold (examples; cataracts, erythema, epilation, acute radiation syndrome) 140 140
PUBLIC RADIATION DOSES Average per capita US Dose 200 mrem (2 mSv) / yr Living in Los Alamos (7000' elev) 327 mrem (3.27 mSv)/yr Flying from NY to LA 2.5 mrem (25 ìSv) / trip Chest x-ray 10 mrem (0.1mSv)/exam Full mouth dental x-ray 9 mrem (90 ìSv) / exam The external dose rate for cosmic rays doubles for each mile increase in elevation. BACKGROUND RADIATION Cosmic = 28 mrem (0.28 mSv) / yr Rocks = 28 mrem (0.28 mSv) / yr Internal = 36 mrem (0.36 mSv) / yr Medical x-rays = 20 to 30 mrem (0.2 to 0.3 mSv)/yr Nuclear medicine = 2 mrem / yr TOTAL US Ave 120 mrem / yr US Ave H E from radon = 200 mrem / yr Ave H E from medical x-ray procedures: Skull 20 mrem (0.2 mSv) Upper GI 245 mrem (2.45 mSv) Hip 65 mrem (0.65 mSv) Chest 6 mrem (60 ìSv), Kidney 55 mrem (0.55 mSv) Dental 55 mrem (0.55 mSv) Occupational Doses mrem /yr mSv/yr airline flight crew 1,000 10 nuclear power plant 700 7 Grand Central Station workers 120 1.2 medical personnel 70 0.7 DOE employees 44 0.44 141 PUBLIC RADIATION DOSES Average per capita US Dose 200 mrem (2 mSv) / yr Living in Los Alamos (7000' elev) 327 mrem (3.27 mSv)/yr Flying from NY to LA 2.5 mrem (25 ìSv) / trip Chest x-ray 10 mrem (0.1mSv)/exam Full mouth dental x-ray 9 mrem (90 ìSv) / exam The external dose rate for cosmic rays doubles for each mile increase in elevation. BACKGROUND RADIATION Cosmic = 28 mrem (0.28 mSv) / yr Rocks = 28 mrem (0.28 mSv) / yr Internal = 36 mrem (0.36 mSv) / yr Medical x-rays = 20 to 30 mrem (0.2 to 0.3 mSv)/yr Nuclear medicine = 2 mrem / yr TOTAL US Ave 120 mrem / yr US Ave H E from radon = 200 mrem / yr Ave H E from medical x-ray procedures: Skull 20 mrem (0.2 mSv) Upper GI 245 mrem (2.45 mSv) Hip 65 mrem (0.65 mSv) Chest 6 mrem (60 ìSv), Kidney 55 mrem (0.55 mSv) Dental 55 mrem (0.55 mSv) Occupational Doses mrem /yr mSv/yr airline flight crew 1,000 10 nuclear power plant 700 7 Grand Central Station workers 120 1.2 medical personnel 70 0.7 DOE employees 44 0.44 141 PUBLIC RADIATION DOSES Average per capita US Dose 200 mrem (2 mSv) / yr Living in Los Alamos (7000' elev) 327 mrem (3.27 mSv)/yr Flying from NY to LA 2.5 mrem (25 ìSv) / trip Chest x-ray 10 mrem (0.1mSv)/exam Full mouth dental x-ray 9 mrem (90 ìSv) / exam The external dose rate for cosmic rays doubles for each mile increase in elevation. BACKGROUND RADIATION Cosmic = 28 mrem (0.28 mSv) / yr Rocks = 28 mrem (0.28 mSv) / yr Internal = 36 mrem (0.36 mSv) / yr Medical x-rays = 20 to 30 mrem (0.2 to 0.3 mSv)/yr Nuclear medicine = 2 mrem / yr TOTAL US Ave 120 mrem / yr US Ave H E from radon = 200 mrem / yr Ave H E from medical x-ray procedures: Skull 20 mrem (0.2 mSv) Upper GI 245 mrem (2.45 mSv) Hip 65 mrem (0.65 mSv) Chest 6 mrem (60 ìSv), Kidney 55 mrem (0.55 mSv) Dental 55 mrem (0.55 mSv) Occupational Doses mrem /yr mSv/yr airline flight crew 1,000 10 nuclear power plant 700 7 Grand Central Station workers 120 1.2 medical personnel 70 0.7 DOE employees 44 0.44 141 PUBLIC RADIATION DOSES Average per capita US Dose 200 mrem (2 mSv) / yr Living in Los Alamos (7000' elev) 327 mrem (3.27 mSv)/yr Flying from NY to LA 2.5 mrem (25 ìSv) / trip Chest x-ray 10 mrem (0.1mSv)/exam Full mouth dental x-ray 9 mrem (90 ìSv) / exam The external dose rate for cosmic rays doubles for each mile increase in elevation. BACKGROUND RADIATION Cosmic = 28 mrem (0.28 mSv) / yr Rocks = 28 mrem (0.28 mSv) / yr Internal = 36 mrem (0.36 mSv) / yr Medical x-rays = 20 to 30 mrem (0.2 to 0.3 mSv)/yr Nuclear medicine = 2 mrem / yr TOTAL US Ave 120 mrem / yr US Ave H E from radon = 200 mrem / yr Ave H E from medical x-ray procedures: Skull 20 mrem (0.2 mSv) Upper GI 245 mrem (2.45 mSv) Hip 65 mrem (0.65 mSv) Chest 6 mrem (60 ìSv), Kidney 55 mrem (0.55 mSv) Dental 55 mrem (0.55 mSv) Occupational Doses mrem /yr mSv/yr airline flight crew 1,000 10 nuclear power plant 700 7 Grand Central Station workers 120 1.2 medical personnel 70 0.7 DOE employees 44 0.44 141
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Abbreviations 115 Activity vs Expos
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RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE Wri
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HAZARD CONTROL PRIORITIES DURING ME
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ACUTE RADIATION EFFECTS 0 - 25 REM
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TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS Z Density Z D
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Relative Locations of Products of N
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RADIOACTIVE DECAY MODES OF COMMONLY
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Progeny kev and % abundance 55 Fe 5
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Progeny kev and % abundance 99 Mo 9
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Progeny kev and % abundance 208 Tl
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Progeny kev and % abundance 229 Th
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Progeny kev and % abundance 241 Am
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Progeny kev and % abundance Progeny
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Progeny kev and % abundance 222 Rn
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Neptunium Decay Chain (4n + 1) st 1
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Actinium Decay Chain (4n + 3) st 1
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Ci / g = 3.578E5 / (T 1/2 in years
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Rem/hr / Ci Sv/hr / GBq Half-Life C
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mRem/hr mSv/hr 1ì 10ì 100ì 1ì 1
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RADIATION BIOLOGY Maximum survivabl
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INTERNAL DOSIMETRY Calculating CDE
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EQUIVALENT DOSE, EFFECTIVE DOSE, an
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CALCULATING TODE AND TEDE TEDE = DD
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SHIELDING MATERIALS α a single she
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Beta Dose Rates in rad/hr per mCi M
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Combining Radiation Types to Determ
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NEUTRON SHIELD THICKNESS I = I0e -N
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Exposure Rate in an Air-Filled Ion
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Inverse Square Law 2 2 X 1 (D) 1 =
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Table 1 of DOE 5400.5 Surface Activ
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6CEN The 6CEN equation can be used
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Ventilation Rates Ventilation rates
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AIR FLOW METER CORRECTIONS Mass Flo
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10CFR20 DAC 10CFR835 DAC 10CFR20 AL
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Page 91 and 92: 10CFR20 DAC 10CFR835 DAC 10CFR20 AL
Page 103 and 104: External Exposure in a Cloud of Air
Page 105 and 106: Characteristic X-Rays (KeV) of the
Page 107 and 108: Z # K K L L 103 Lr 71 Lu 54.06 61.2
Page 109 and 110: COUNTING STATISTICS COUNTING STATIS
Page 111 and 112: ELEVATION VS AIR PRESSURE Barometri
Page 113 and 114: NE Omaha 983 UT Cedar City 5,623 NH
Page 115 and 116: COMPOSITION OF AIR Density of Symbo
Page 117 and 118: ABBREVIATIONS ampere A, or amp angs
Page 119 and 120: Mass 1 gram = 0.03527 ounces 1 ounc
Page 121 and 122: Radiological 1 BTU = 235 1.28E-8 g
Page 123 and 124: CONSTANTS Avogadro's number (N 0) 6
Page 125 and 126: ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Wavelength
Page 127 and 128: 5. Air-proportional alpha detectors
Page 129 and 130: 32 7. The bremsstrahlung from a 1 C
Page 131 and 132: RULES OF THUMB FOR NEUTRONS 1. The
Page 133 and 134: Spontaneous Fission Neutron and Gam
Page 135 and 136: Energy & Yield of neutrons from the
Page 137 and 138: WG Pu 15 years after fabrication 23
Page 139 and 140: Isotopic Mix of Natural U 238 U 234
Page 141: MISCELLANEOUS RULES OF THUMB 1. One
Page 145 and 146: COMPARATIVE RISKS OF RADIATION EXPO
Page 147 and 148: Voss Associates provides valuable t
Page 149: Publications Radiation Data Radiati
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Rad Data Handbook 20.. - Voss Associates

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