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8 ORTHOGRAPHY. [PART I.CHAPTER II.LETTER CHANGES.I. ASPIRATION-.1. The term "aspiration" is used to express acertain change of sound suffered by some of theIrish consonants under certain grammatical conditions.2. It is impossible to give a definition of aspiration thatwill correctly describe all the cases, inasmuch as the changesof sound vary in kind with the several consonants. In mostcases the change caused by aspiration is one from an exftlosiveto a continuous sound.3. There are nine consonants -which can beaspirated, namely, b, c, b, p, 5, in, p, p, c; theseare called mutable or aspirable consonants ;theothers are called immutable. The aspiration isdenoted either by placing a point over the consonant,as c; or by placing h after it, as ch.4. The following are the sounds of the aspiratedconsonants so far as they can be represented byEnglish letters.5. bh or b is sounded sometimes like v and sometimeslike to, and it often has a sound somethingbetween both; as a bean, his wife, pronounceda van ; gabal, a fork, pronounced gowal.6. Ch broad has a guttural sound which is notrepresented in English but it is heard in the pronunciationof the word lough, Irish loc, a lake.;Ch slender (i.e. joined with a slender vowel) hasa less guttural sound than c broad; as mi 61 all,folly, in which the c sound is only a little moreguttural than h in mee-heel.7. "Oh and 5 have the same sound. "When slender,they are sounded Hke initial y in English as;a Sean, his love, pronounced a yan. T)h and 5
CHAP. II.]LETTER CHANGES.broad have a guttural sound which cannot be representedby English letters, though it is somethinglike initial y or initial w it stands to the;guttural sound of broad c in the relation of flat tohard. Both these aspirated letters are silent atthe end of a word; as piao, a deer, pronounced/
Page 1 and 2: PB1223v;35G1896kGRAMMAR80> TM«AAUS
Page 5 and 6: A GRAMMARIRISHOF THELANGUAGEBYP. W,
Page 7 and 8: J89«miPEEFACE.Though this text-boo
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS,PART I.ORTHOGRAPHY.CHAPTER
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS.VUrAareCHAPTER V.—THE VE
Page 13 and 14: SCHOOLIRISH GRAMMAR.PART I.ORTHOGRA
Page 15 and 16: CHAP. I. jsounds;table of sounds.
Page 17 and 18: CHAP. I.J80UNDS. 5like ea in hear;
Page 19: CHAP. I.] SOUNDS. 7ry-arh; laoap, a
Page 23 and 24: CHAP. II.]LETTER CHANGES. 1 Iand th
Page 25 and 26: CHAP. II.]LETTER CHANGES. 136. The
Page 27 and 28: |LETTERCHAP. II.CHANGES. 153. The s
Page 29 and 30: CHAP. I.JTHE ARTICLE. 17Very often
Page 31 and 32: CHAP. H."jTHE NOUN. 19as it is in l
Page 33 and 34: CHAP. H.]THE NOUN. 21and the ablati
Page 35 and 36: CHAP. II.]THE NOUN. 23neap c, stren
Page 37 and 38: C1TAP. II .JTIIE NOUN. 25seen in Oi
Page 39 and 40: CHAP. II.']1BE NOTO*. 2716. Those t
Page 41 and 42: CHAP.II.ITHE NOUN. 29caopa, a sheep
Page 43 and 44: CHAP. II.]THE NOUN. 312. Twelve typ
Page 45 and 46: CHAP. III. jTHE ADJECTIVE. 33Singul
Page 47 and 48: CHAP. III.]THE ADJECTIVE. 35Gn puip
Page 49 and 50: CHAP. III.]THE ADJECTIVE. 37Positiv
Page 51 and 52: CHAP. IY.]THE PRONOUN. 89beipc, for
Page 53 and 54: ?.IV.J
Page 55 and 56: OHAP. IV.] THE PRONOUN. 43t)o, to.b
Page 57 and 58: IV THE PRONOUN. 452. The o of mo an
Page 59 and 60: CHAP. IV.JTHE PRONOUN. 4?the best f
Page 61 and 62: CHAP. V.] THE VERB. 493. This is wh
Page 63 and 64: CHAP. V.] THE VEKB. 51all the other
Page 65 and 66: OHAJP. V.JTHE VERB. 53Past.1. buail
Page 67 and 68: iCHAP. V.] THE VERB. 55Singular.Fut
Page 69 and 70: CHAT. V.J THE VERB. 57IiTDiciTivEMo
Page 71 and 72:
'J TIIE VERB. 59(5.) "Nfop, not, fr
Page 73 and 74:
CHAP. V.] THE VERB. 61tice. The fol
Page 75 and 76:
CHAP. V.J THE VERB. G3I sleep, &c.
Page 77 and 78:
CIIAP. V.] THE VEKB. 05PpCJELE.2Bp.
Page 79 and 80:
CHAP. V.]THE VERB, 67Indicative Moo
Page 81 and 82:
CHAP. V.] THE VERB. (59Conditional
Page 83 and 84:
i.CHAP. V.]TIIE VERB. 71as an auxil
Page 85 and 86:
CHAP. V.] THE VERB. 73(3.) bheipim,
Page 87 and 88:
IOUAP. V.] THE VERB, 75Indicative M
Page 89 and 90:
CHAP. v.] THE VERB. 77(7.) b6anaim,
Page 91 and 92:
CHAP, y.j THE VERB. 791. bubpap.2.
Page 93 and 94:
CHAP. V.] THE VERB. 811. The second
Page 95 and 96:
CHAP. V.JTHE VERB.83Past Tense.1. 6
Page 97 and 98:
CHAP. IV.] ADVERBS. 85Oup, to know;
Page 99 and 100:
CHAP. VI.]PREPOSITIONS. 87lV)cip ao
Page 101 and 102:
CHAP. VI.]CONTTTNOTIOlCfl. 89Oo6um,
Page 103 and 104:
CHAP, vn.] VBEEIXES and affixes. 91
Page 105 and 106:
CHAP. Vn.J PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 99
Page 107 and 108:
CHAP. l.~[ K0TJW8. 95PART III.SYNTA
Page 109 and 110:
chap. i.Jnouns. 97bioeaoap TTlhdipe
Page 111 and 112:
CHAP, n.] THE ARTICLE AND NOUN. 99b
Page 113 and 114:
OHAP. III.]THE ADJECTIVE AND NOUN.
Page 115 and 116:
.CHAP. III.]THE ADJECTIVE AND NOTTN
Page 117 and 118:
CHAP. V.] THE PRONOUN. 1057. t)d, t
Page 119 and 120:
CHAP. V.J THE PRONOUN. 1076. Posses
Page 121 and 122:
CHAP. V.] THE PRONOUN. 109ploinneap
Page 123 and 124:
CHAP. VL] THE VERB. Illwas sicceter
Page 125 and 126:
CHAP. VII.]PREPOSITIONS. US17. The
Page 127 and 128:
CHAP. VII.} PREPOSITIONS. 115that h
Page 129 and 130:
PART IV.]IDIOMS. 117These may be tr
Page 131 and 132:
PART IV. JIDIOMS. 1197. Number of i
Page 133 and 134:
TART IV.]IDIOMS. 121come," in its v
Page 135 and 136:
'PART rv.] IDIOMS. 1236 fin op c ?
Page 137 and 138:
PART rv.]IDIOMS. 125dip. Examples :
Page 139 and 140:
TAKTIV.] IDIOMS. 127Naipi nfbej Imn
Page 141 and 142:
TART IV.]IDIOMS. 129eabaipeoampa ca
Page 143 and 144:
PART IV.] IDIOMS. 131eile a n-eo6ai
Page 145 and 146:
PART IV.]IDIOMS. 133rendered accord
Page 147 and 148:
pakt rv] EDIOSIS. 1353. Ip expresse
Page 150 and 151:
AngdeL 005 246 364 3
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