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TABLE 1.3: Species diversity among selected groups of Sri Lanka’s fauna and flora in terrestrial andfreshwater wetlandsTaxonomic group Number of species Number of endemic speciesand % endemismReferenceLand snails 246 204 (83%) Ranawana, 2006Dragonflies 120 57 ( 47.5 %) Bedjanic, 2006 and MoENR, 2007)Bees 148 21 (14%) Karunaratne and Edirisinghe, 2006Carabid beetles 525 127 (24%) MOFE, 1990Butterflies 243 20 (8.2%) Perera and Bambaradeniya, 2006Spiders 501 NA MoENR, 2007Freshwater crabs 51 51 (100%) MoENR, 2007Freshwater fish 82 1 44 (54%) Pethiyagoda, 2006Amphibians 106 + 90+ (85%) Pethiyagoda, et al, 2006Reptiles (terrestrial) 183 92 (50%) Ranawana, 2006Birds (includingmigrants)482(220 residents)25 definitive* and 8 proposed(*5% of all species and 11% ofresidents)Kotagama, et al, 2006;Mammals 91 16 (18%) Weerakoon, et al, 2006Angiosperms 3,771 926 (24.55%) Dassanayake and Fosberg (1980-2004) cited in IUCN and MoENR,2007Pteridophytes (Fernsonly)348 48+ IUCN and MoENR, 2007Mosses 560 63+ IUCN and MoENR, 2007Liverworts 303 NA MoENR. 2006Lichens 661 NA MoENR. 2006NA= data not availableMost lower plant groups are as yet insufficiently identified, but research during the past three decades indicate 560species of mosses, 303 species of liverworts (S. Wijesundra pers.com, this report), 896 species of algae and about1,920 species of fungi in the island (MOFE, 1994). A considerable diversity among ferns and fern allies is also suspected(ibid).Fourth National Report to the CBD: Sri Lanka 16
.11 Coastal and marine ecosystemsTABLE 1.4 Species diversity among selectedfaunal groups in coastal and marine ecosystemsTaxonomic group Number of speciesHard coral species 183*Echinoderms 213 +Marine molluscs 228 +Sharks 61 +Rays 31 +Marine reptiles 18 +Marine mammals 38 +Pelargic fishes 1800+ **Sources: *Rajasuriya et al., 2000, + IUCN and MoENR, 2007; ** CCD, 2004Among the species identified in marine and coastalwaters (Table 1.4) are a wide diversity of pelagic fishesof which 146 are bony fishes important in the commercialfood fishery (MoFE, 2000), five species of turtles that neston the beaches, and 37 species of cetaceans and thedugong (MoENR, 2002). Several species of sea snakes anda diverse array of coral and reef associated organisms,including 72 species of common reef fishes are associatedwith coral reefs. Genetic diversity within coastal habitatsis believed to be high, and of possible economic value,but this aspect has not been investigated adequately asyet (CCD, 2004)..11 Ex-situ collectionsSri Lanka has several institutions that engage in captivebreeding or propagation that aids ex-situ conservation ofterrestrial and freshwater biodiversity. Among them arethe National Botanic Gardens (NBG), The NationalZoological gardens (NZG) at Dehiwala, and the NationalAquatic Resources Research and Development Authority(NARA).Initiatives for ex-situ conservationUnder the National Botanic Gardens (NBG) are the Royal Botanic Gardens (RBG) at Peradeniya, Hakgala, Gampaha (Henerathgoda),Sitawake (Awissawella) and Mirijjawila (Hambantota District) providing a coverage of all major climatic zones. The medicinal plant gardensat Ganewatte (on 23 ha) in the North Western Province, and a Biodiversity Complex at Gampola, also function under the NBG. The RBGat Peradeniya, located on 59 ha has over 4000 species under cultivation. It is mandated for ex-situ conservation; and has pioneeredfloriculture in Sri Lanka. However, only a fraction of the species in the Botanic gardens at present are endemic to Sri Lanka, and the role ofthis institutions as reservoirs of indigenous biodiversity is not well established due to historical reasons. This trend has been reversedsomewhat in recent times and the RBG now has 1471 specimens from local species, while the more recently developed herbarium at theHakgala Botanic Gardens has about 2000 specimens from local species. One of the main objectives of the NBG now is for development oftechnologies related to exploitation of lesser known and under-utilised plants and development of ornamental and amenity horticulture.There are several Medicinal Plant Gardens located in the Wet Zone of Sri Lanka (i.e. in Navinna and Meegoda). The Ayurvedic garden inNavinna harbours around 200 species of medicinal plants, with more than 1500 individual plants (MoENR, 2009).The National Zoological gardens (NZG) at Dehiwala houses about 3500 animals from 350 species of mammals, birds, reptiles, fish,amphibians, butterflies and marine invertebrates in a space of about 10 ha. While most of the animals are non-indigenous, the zoo hasinitiated support for biodiversity conservation by breeding some rare and endangered species, with special emphasis on endemicornamental fish. The NZG also promotes ex-situ conservation of indigenous species in the walk-in aviary for birds, the small cats zone andthe butterfly garden. The role of the National Zoological Gardens for ex- situ conservation is limited as yet, due to few scientificallymanaged captive breeding programmes for threatened fauna, though captive breeding has been successful with species like the leopard andelephant. These issues will be rectified with the setting up of the Sri Lankan section of the new zoological gardens at Pinnawela.Though captive breeding has been carried out for elephants at the Pinnawela Elephant Orphanage, the animals are not reared for reintroductionto the wild. In contrast, re-introduction is the goal at the Orphan Elephant Transit Home at Uda Walawe, but such initiativesneed to be carefully managed with the required technical expertise and stringent monitoring to ensure their long-term success.Sri Lanka has several bio-repositories that are valuable to facilitate research. A collection of all the documented angiosperm flora in SriLanka are held at the National Herbarium at Peradeniya. The biorepository at the National Museum in Colombo has a good collection ofvertebrates (I.e. 2885 mammals; 3243, birds; 7128 reptiles: 1059 amphibians: 15064 fish) and invertebrates (4671 molluscs: 2001polychaetesand > 100,000 arthropods).Source: MoENR, 2009Fourth National Report to the CBD: Sri Lanka 17
Page 1 and 2: Fourth Country Report from Sri Lank
Page 3: Cover photo credits•••• Gra
Page 6 and 7: Chapter 22.1 Introduction ……392
Page 8: List of figuresFigure 1.1 Map of Sr
Page 11 and 12: Baseline Biodiversity Survey (BBS)
Page 13 and 14: through skills building for reporti
Page 15: Chapter 11.1 IntroductionThis chapt
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.2: Major climatic zones ba
Page 21 and 22: Evolutionary significance of Sri La
Page 23: 1.3 Species diversity1.3.1 StatusSr
Page 27 and 28: wetland habitats (MALF, 1995; IUCN
Page 29 and 30: Dry monsoon forests (Figure 1.3) lo
Page 31 and 32: woody species and faunal diversity
Page 33 and 34: TABLE 1.7: Trends in detection of i
Page 35 and 36: Bank, 2008), and are distributed th
Page 37 and 38: salt marshes occur along the coast
Page 39 and 40: Sri Lanka also has a range of cerea
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Page 43 and 44: Soil erosion is extremely high in t
Page 45 and 46: 1.8.5 Impact of changes in biodiver
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 22.1 IntroductionSri Lanka
Page 49: • The importance of Communication
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Page 55 and 56: problem for non-implementation of t
Page 57 and 58: Key threats Specific issue Statusco
Page 59 and 60: Key threats Specific issue StatusSp
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Page 65 and 66: Primary Stakeholders*Secondary stak
Page 67 and 68: laws concerning access to genetic r
Page 69 and 70: TABLE 3.3: Integration of biodivers
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Page 73 and 74: Overall, biodiversity consideration
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SectorInstitutions, mandates and na
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Planning and policydevelopmentMonit
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oth western and traditional (i.e. A
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the need for a mechanism to impleme
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Stockholm Convention</stron
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Chapter 44.1 Introduction4.1.1 The
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4.2.4. Evaluation of achieving targ
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for declaration of PAs, and adoptio
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• Programmes for ex-situ conserva
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The crop wild relatives projectThe
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WetlandsUnder the Wetland Conservat
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active in detecting such illegal ex
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ecause of anthropogenic factors suc
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• Systematic gathering of atmosph
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egion for over a week (Arulpragrasa
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FOCAL AREA: MAINTAIN GOODS AND SERV
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FisheriesThe national marine fisher
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• Health and well being of rural
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• The MoENR has formulated a nati
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4.3 Impact of NBSAPs and related se
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Strategic goalsScale ofagreementSri
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Strategic goalsScale ofagreementSri
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Ministry of Environment & Natural R
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Appendix II - Further sources of in
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62. Fernando, N. (1997) A Personnal
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133. MoENR, 2007b. The Thematic Ass
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Appendix IIIProgress towards Target
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.2.1 Protected Areas under the DWLC
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National Target (NCSA 3 5.7, 2007)I
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disturbance by over-visitation and
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PoWPA Target: By 2008, sufficient f
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Project (2001-2008)Other Policies,
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There is no overall policy to guide
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The ADB funded Forest Resources Man
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Status of actions taken/in progress
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The Community Participation Project
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B.4.8 PoWPA Goal 3.2 - To build cap
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B.5 Overview of obstacles for imple
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English - Convention on Biological Diversity

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