English - Convention on Biological Diversity

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Key threats Specific issue Statusand Department of Wildlife Conservation. Skills have beenbuilt within both departments for participatory Conservationof PAs with the involvement of local people.HabitatdegradationForest fragmentation* dueto establishment ofplantation agriculture andhuman settlements overseveral hundred years in thebiologically rich Wet Zone.Ad hoc reclamation ofwetlands.*landfills in wetland habitats--particularly in urban areas--for housing and commercialand industrialdevelopment.*Indiscriminate allocation ofcoastal land for constructionof tourist hotels andestablishment ofaquaculture farms in coastalareas.*The degradation offreshwater wetlands due topollution and siltation fromunsustainable land use.*Logging of Wet Zone forestsin the past.Ddegradation of coastalecosystems such asmangroves, lagoons andestuaries, due tounsustainable fishingpractices, over-exploitationof resources, pollution.* +Conversion of more than one ha forest to other uses and anyclearing of land more than 50 ha have to be preceded by anEIA; also conversion of forests to other uses is low in thebiologically rich Wet Zone, and all large forests in the WetZone (>10,000 ha) are now managed solely for protection.However, most Wet Zone forests are already highlyfragmented, and the long –term viability of the smallerforests (
Key threats Specific issue Statusconvert coastal ecosystemsto other uses.* +Over exploitationof biologicalresourcesLoss of traditionacrop andlivestockvarieties andbreedsSevere degradation of nearshore coastal reefs,especially in the southernregion, due to coral miningfor production of lime.* +Over collection of inland andfreshwater wetland bioresourcesand destructiveharvesting practices causingloss of populations amongmany plant and animalspecies.* +Over collection of coastalfood fish and lobsters.* +Over collection of marine andfreshwater ornamental fish.* +Over harvesting of medicinalplants, and species thatprovide raw materials forcottage industries (such asrattan) or are of subsistencevalue as food items and woodfor posts, poles and fuelwoodfrom forests.*Illegal harvesting of timberfrom natural forests.Loss of indigenous breeds oflivestock and traditionalvarieties of rice and otherfood crops due toreplacement in farmingsystems by new high yieldingvarieties.*This has been reduced to some extent by law, and there is aban on the use of coral based lime in governmentdepartments. However, this problem continues.The use of destructive fishing practices in inland wetlands,such as irrigation tanks, is banned under the fisheriesordinance. However these practices do continue in someareas, especially in the large Dry Zone tanks.Depletion of the coastal food fishery is addressed by thegovernment by promotion of deep sea fishing, which howeverhas its own problems. During the aftermath of the 2004tsunami, distribution of day boats aggravated the problem byincreasing the number of people engaged in the coastalfishery. Collection of gravid lobsters has been banned, butcollection is still not sustainable.While some captive breeding programmes are in place, muchof the collection (particularly the more attractive forms) isstill from the wilds, which is not sustainable.Destructive collection of non-timber forest products hasbeen greatly reduced in lowland Wet Zone forests managedby the Forest Department and in several PAs managed by theDWLC where participatory management was pilot tested.Furthermore, many resources obtained from nature such asrattan and dorana are now scarce, and local people dependmore on cash crops such as tea (in the Wet Zone) for theircash income. Permits are provided by the Forest Departmentfor extraction of a specified amount of forest resources suchas rattan, and for other traditional uses such as kitul tappingfor preparation of treacle and jiggery (a candy like localsweetner). Illegal forest extractions that are damaging havebeen considerably reduced in Wet Zone forests, with greaterawareness creation and enforcement activities of forestmanagers.There has been a ban on logging in natural forests since1990.There are also measures to regulate the transportationof specified wood (logs) of timber value. Timber for sale isprovided by the Forest Department from plantation forests,and the government also imports timber for local use.Banning of timber mills within 1 km of a Conservation foresthas also helped control this problem.Considerable work is being carried out by the Department ofAgriculture to counter this problem by promotion oftraditional varieties of rice and vegetables, and other fieldcrops among farmers and NGOs. The emergence of a smallbut increasing market for traditional varieties of rice hasserved to make this effective despite relatively lower yieldscompared to new improved varieties. The DOA also carriesFourth National Report to the CBD: Sri Lanka 49
Page 1 and 2:
Fourth Country Report from Sri Lank
Page 3:
Cover photo credits•••• Gra
Page 6 and 7: Chapter 22.1 Introduction ……392
Page 8: List of figuresFigure 1.1 Map of Sr
Page 11 and 12: Baseline Biodiversity Survey (BBS)
Page 13 and 14: through skills building for reporti
Page 15: Chapter 11.1 IntroductionThis chapt
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.2: Major climatic zones ba
Page 21 and 22: Evolutionary significance of Sri La
Page 23 and 24: 1.3 Species diversity1.3.1 StatusSr
Page 25 and 26: .11 Coastal and marine ecosystemsTA
Page 27 and 28: wetland habitats (MALF, 1995; IUCN
Page 29 and 30: Dry monsoon forests (Figure 1.3) lo
Page 31 and 32: woody species and faunal diversity
Page 33 and 34: TABLE 1.7: Trends in detection of i
Page 35 and 36: Bank, 2008), and are distributed th
Page 37 and 38: salt marshes occur along the coast
Page 39 and 40: Sri Lanka also has a range of cerea
Page 41 and 42: TABLE 1.8: Germplasm Collection Sta
Page 43 and 44: Soil erosion is extremely high in t
Page 45 and 46: 1.8.5 Impact of changes in biodiver
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 22.1 IntroductionSri Lanka
Page 49: • The importance of Communication
Page 53 and 54: 2.2.5 Institutional arrangements fo
Page 55: problem for non-implementation of t
Page 59 and 60: Key threats Specific issue StatusSp
Page 61 and 62: TABLE 2.2: Major donor funded proje
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 33.1 IntroductionThe Confer
Page 65 and 66: Primary Stakeholders*Secondary stak
Page 67 and 68: laws concerning access to genetic r
Page 69 and 70: TABLE 3.3: Integration of biodivers
Page 71 and 72: Area of purviewPolicies / plans/ la
Page 73 and 74: Overall, biodiversity consideration
Page 75 and 76: SectorInstitutions, mandates and na
Page 77 and 78: Planning and policydevelopmentMonit
Page 79 and 80: oth western and traditional (i.e. A
Page 81 and 82: the need for a mechanism to impleme
Page 83 and 84: Stockholm Convention</stron
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 44.1 Introduction4.1.1 The
Page 87 and 88: 4.2.4. Evaluation of achieving targ
Page 89 and 90: for declaration of PAs, and adoptio
Page 91 and 92: • Programmes for ex-situ conserva
Page 93 and 94: The crop wild relatives projectThe
Page 95 and 96: WetlandsUnder the Wetland Conservat
Page 97 and 98: active in detecting such illegal ex
Page 99 and 100: ecause of anthropogenic factors suc
Page 101 and 102: • Systematic gathering of atmosph
Page 103 and 104: egion for over a week (Arulpragrasa
Page 105 and 106: FOCAL AREA: MAINTAIN GOODS AND SERV
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FisheriesThe national marine fisher
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• Health and well being of rural
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• The MoENR has formulated a nati
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4.3 Impact of NBSAPs and related se
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Strategic goalsScale ofagreementSri
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Strategic goalsScale ofagreementSri
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Ministry of Environment & Natural R
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Appendix II - Further sources of in
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62. Fernando, N. (1997) A Personnal
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133. MoENR, 2007b. The Thematic Ass
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Appendix IIIProgress towards Target
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.2.1 Protected Areas under the DWLC
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National Target (NCSA 3 5.7, 2007)I
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disturbance by over-visitation and
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PoWPA Target: By 2008, sufficient f
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Project (2001-2008)Other Policies,
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There is no overall policy to guide
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The ADB funded Forest Resources Man
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Status of actions taken/in progress
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The Community Participation Project
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B.4.8 PoWPA Goal 3.2 - To build cap
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B.5 Overview of obstacles for imple
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English - Convention on Biological Diversity

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