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etel nut) is a common home garden species in the Wet Zone. A. concinna, a wild relative of arecanut consideredendangered in the wild is also found mainly in home gardens (MoFE, 1999).The timber yield from home gardens is considerable, and at least 70% of the country’s wood used for construction andindustrial purposes are obtained from home gardens, rubber and coconut plantations, and trees on farm boundaries,roadsides and urban areas (MALF, 1995). Home gardens are important sources of jak (Artocarpus heterophylus), animportant timber species for housing construction..11 Traditional rice (paddy) fieldsSri Lanka’s traditional paddy fields are irrigated as well as rainfed. They occur as terraced fields in hilly areas, and asopen fields in lowland areas. The structure of the rice paddies consists of small fields surrounded by a network ofbunds/levees, streams and/or irrigation canals that run through or besides the fields, sump ponds and islands of trees.These systems form a dynamic and very rapidly changing ecosystem that provides valuable array of animal life,including aquatic and terrestrial forms (Bambaradeniya, 2007). 4.11 Traditional varieties of livestockIndigenous varieties among livestock in Sri Lanka are less diverse than among crops, as historically they were usedmainly for draught purposes. While livestock breeding plays a relatively minor role in the current economy, it is anoccupation for a considerable population in the rural sub-sector. Among the extant indigenous breeds are a type oflocally adapted native cattle (Bos indicus var ceylonicus) or “Batu Harak” and the white cattle of Thamankaduwa thatare reared for draught and milk, an indigenous hardy breed of goats, and village chicken with poor egg production buthigh adaptation to a harsh environment. The locally adapted breeds now show a significant drop in population size dueto the move towards high yielding imported breeds and cross-breeding. This can lead to loss of indigenous livestockbreeds with traits such as high adaptability to the environment, high resistance to common diseases, high fecundity,early maturity, good mothering ability, longevity and low cost of production that are useful for livestock breeding inthe future. Among the factors contributing to this diminishing trend is the lack of proper valuation of local breeds.Among the wild species are several that have potential in the livestock industry, such as wild boar (Sus oristatus), wildbuffalo, jungle fowl (Gallus lafayetti) and the Sri Lanka Spur fowl (Galloperdix bicalcarata), the common Moorhen(Gallinula chloropus), the purple swamp hen (Porphyrio porphyrio); the wild hare (Lepus nigricollis), wild ponies(“Delft ponies”) and two types of wild donkeys (Silva, et al, 2005)..11 Agro-biodiversity in ex-situ conservation facilitiesAll crop research institutes 5 and the Plant Genetic Resource Centre under the Department of Agriculture (DoA), andthe research Institutes for plantation crops 6 (i.e. tea, rubber, coconut and sugarcane) all maintain field collections ofvarieties, cultivars and clones of crops within their purview. The Department of Export Agriculture (DEA) maintainsgermplasm of coffee, cocoa, cardamom and clove and other export crops. The Botanic Gardens in Hakgala wasestablished in 1861 for the introduction of cinchona to the island while the Botanic Gardens at Gampaha(Henerathgoda) was opened in 1876 for the introduction of rubber. The Department of Animal Production and Health(DAPH), and its research centre--the Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) do not have similar organized programmes forlivestock germplasm conservation, although mandated to enhance productivity and use of domesticated animals suchas cattle, pigs and poultry.The 5300 accessions from about 100 crop plant species held by the PGRC in 1999 had expanded to over 11,600accessions from 130 species by 2003 (MoENR, 2007), and is now over 12000 accessions. This includes 308 species ofcrop wild relatives, including five species of wild rice: some with very specific decease resistant qualities andresistance to high salinity. In the past, plant characterisation at the PCRC was based on morphological features, butcharacterisation based on molecular features has now commenced.4 See also under wetlands5 They are the Horticultural Crop Research and Development Institute (HORDI), Rice Research and Development Institute (RRDI), FieldCrops Research and Development Institute (FCRDI), Grain Legumes and Oil Crop Research and Development Centre (GLORDC),Regional Agricultural Research and Development Centres (RARDC) at Makandura, Bandarawela, Aralaganwila, Bombuwela..6 They are the Coconut Research Institute (CRI), Tea Research Institute (TRI), Rubber Research Institute and the Sugarcane ResearchInstitute (SRI).Fourth National Report to the CBD: Sri Lanka 32
TABLE 1.8: Germplasm Collection Status by Crop Group atthe PGRC at end of 2008Crop GroupRice and related species 4467Other cereals 1534Grain legumes 1904Vegetables (legumes (cucubits, brassics,allium, leafy vegetables, othervegetables)Number of accessionsat the (PGRCat end of 2008)2488Solanacious vegetables and condiments 1150Fruits 163Root and tubers 150*Oil seeds 401Medicinal plants 27Fibre crops 63Mustard and related spices 124Wild relatives of crop species 308*Stored as tissue culturesSource: PGRC, personal communication for preparation of thisreport.To preserve agricultural biodiversity, it istherefore necessary to conserve the farmingsystems that produced the original geneticvariation and the environment that cropsgrow, together with the age old knowledgeabout associated cultivation practices andcrop uses that are gradually dying out withthe older generation. Overall, narrowing ofthe national crop and livestock genetic baseis bound to reduce options for crop breedingin the future, increase agriculturalvulnerability to climate change, pests and,disease, and with time reduce the dietarydiversity of rural people.1.7.2 Issues and threatsAgro and livestock biodiversity in thecountry are affected with the adoption ofhigh yielding varieties and breeds that arefrom uniform genetic stock and arerelatively vulnerable to pests and disease.They also increase farmers’ reliance onagrochemicals to maintain high yields. Inthe case of rice, there ahs been aperceptible drop in the cultivation oftraditional varieties (MoFE,1999), and morethan 90 per cent of the paddy lands hadswitched to New Improved Varieties (NIV)by the 1980s, and the Old ImprovedVarieties (OIV) and traditional varietiestogether had declined to less than 10 percent of the cultivated area by the late1909s (Central Bank, 1998). With the loss of traditional varieties of crops, there will be inevitable loss of valuableknowledge about their cultivation requirements and associated cultural practices over time.Insecure land tenure in agricultural holdings, and their small size has resulted in the neglect of soil conservation, andover use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides without recourse to more time consuming environment friendly soilconservation practices. The resultant loss of diversity among soil micro organisms has reduced natural biodiversityassociated with farming systems and impoverished agro-biodiversity even further. The pollution of soil and water withagrochemicals also has a deleterious effect on many terrestrial and freshwater indigenous species. Home gardens tooin the highly populous Wet Zone have suffered considerable degradation in the past two decades due to urbanisationand fragmentation, with consequent loss of habitat for urban biodiversity.With regard to livestock, much of the local strains are fast disappearing due to a strong preference for importedgermplasm perceived as more productive. They are, however, uniform varieties that are very vulnerable to disease.Efforts by the Department of Animal Production and Health and the Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) to conserve theindigenous animal species of economic value have been constrained by insufficient funds and infrastructure.Fourth National Report to the CBD: Sri Lanka 33
Page 1 and 2: Fourth Country Report from Sri Lank
Page 3: Cover photo credits•••• Gra
Page 6 and 7: Chapter 22.1 Introduction ……392
Page 8: List of figuresFigure 1.1 Map of Sr
Page 11 and 12: Baseline Biodiversity Survey (BBS)
Page 13 and 14: through skills building for reporti
Page 15: Chapter 11.1 IntroductionThis chapt
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.2: Major climatic zones ba
Page 21 and 22: Evolutionary significance of Sri La
Page 23 and 24: 1.3 Species diversity1.3.1 StatusSr
Page 25 and 26: .11 Coastal and marine ecosystemsTA
Page 27 and 28: wetland habitats (MALF, 1995; IUCN
Page 29 and 30: Dry monsoon forests (Figure 1.3) lo
Page 31 and 32: woody species and faunal diversity
Page 33 and 34: TABLE 1.7: Trends in detection of i
Page 35 and 36: Bank, 2008), and are distributed th
Page 37 and 38: salt marshes occur along the coast
Page 39: Sri Lanka also has a range of cerea
Page 43 and 44: Soil erosion is extremely high in t
Page 45 and 46: 1.8.5 Impact of changes in biodiver
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 22.1 IntroductionSri Lanka
Page 49: • The importance of Communication
Page 53 and 54: 2.2.5 Institutional arrangements fo
Page 55 and 56: problem for non-implementation of t
Page 57 and 58: Key threats Specific issue Statusco
Page 59 and 60: Key threats Specific issue StatusSp
Page 61 and 62: TABLE 2.2: Major donor funded proje
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 33.1 IntroductionThe Confer
Page 65 and 66: Primary Stakeholders*Secondary stak
Page 67 and 68: laws concerning access to genetic r
Page 69 and 70: TABLE 3.3: Integration of biodivers
Page 71 and 72: Area of purviewPolicies / plans/ la
Page 73 and 74: Overall, biodiversity consideration
Page 75 and 76: SectorInstitutions, mandates and na
Page 77 and 78: Planning and policydevelopmentMonit
Page 79 and 80: oth western and traditional (i.e. A
Page 81 and 82: the need for a mechanism to impleme
Page 83 and 84: Stockholm Convention</stron
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 44.1 Introduction4.1.1 The
Page 87 and 88: 4.2.4. Evaluation of achieving targ
Page 89 and 90: for declaration of PAs, and adoptio
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• Programmes for ex-situ conserva
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The crop wild relatives projectThe
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WetlandsUnder the Wetland Conservat
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active in detecting such illegal ex
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ecause of anthropogenic factors suc
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• Systematic gathering of atmosph
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egion for over a week (Arulpragrasa
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FOCAL AREA: MAINTAIN GOODS AND SERV
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FisheriesThe national marine fisher
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• Health and well being of rural
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• The MoENR has formulated a nati
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4.3 Impact of NBSAPs and related se
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Strategic goalsScale ofagreementSri
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Strategic goalsScale ofagreementSri
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Ministry of Environment & Natural R
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Appendix II - Further sources of in
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62. Fernando, N. (1997) A Personnal
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133. MoENR, 2007b. The Thematic Ass
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Appendix IIIProgress towards Target
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.2.1 Protected Areas under the DWLC
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National Target (NCSA 3 5.7, 2007)I
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disturbance by over-visitation and
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PoWPA Target: By 2008, sufficient f
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Project (2001-2008)Other Policies,
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There is no overall policy to guide
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The ADB funded Forest Resources Man
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Status of actions taken/in progress
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The Community Participation Project
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B.4.8 PoWPA Goal 3.2 - To build cap
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B.5 Overview of obstacles for imple
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English - Convention on Biological Diversity

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