Advanced Calibration Techniques for VNAs
Advanced Calibration Techniques for VNAs
Advanced Calibration Techniques for VNAs
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What is Electronic <strong>Calibration</strong>?• <strong>Calibration</strong> using standards that are electronically switchedknown impedances, instead of shorts, opens and loads• Impedance standards are spread out on the Smith chart• Impedances known by measurements at factory usingindividually characterized coaxial airlines and TRL cals• Impedances are very repeatable due to:–Hermetically sealed “ECal on a chip” microcircuit–Internal electric heater–Low thermal mass of microcircuit–Low thermal conductivity betweenmicrocircuit and outside world–Mechanically rugged connectors<strong>Advanced</strong> VNA <strong>Calibration</strong>© Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2006 Page M6- 75