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6 Command file: Specifying the terms in the mixed model 95Alphabetic list of model functions and descriptionsmodel functionactionNewpow(x, p[,o])qtl(f,r)sin(v,r)spl(v [,k])s(v [,k ])sqrt(v[,r])defines the covariable (x+o) p for use in the model where x is a variable inthe data, p is a power and o is an offset. pow(x,0.5[,o]) is equivalent tosqr(x[,o]); pow(x,0[,o]) is equivalent to log(x[,o]); pow(x,-1[,o])is equivalent to inv(x[,o]).calculates an expected marker state from flanking marker informationat position r of the linkage group f(see !MM to define marker locations).r may be specified as $TPn where $TPn has been previously internallydefined with a predict statement (see page 164). r should be given inMorgans.forms sine from v with period r. Omit r if v is radians. If v is degrees, ris 360.In order to fit spline models associated with a variate v and k knot pointsin ASReml, v is included as a covariate in the model and spl(v,k) asa random term. The knot points can be explicitly specified using the!SPLINE qualifier (Table 5.4). If k is specified but !SPLINE is not specified,equally spaced points are used. If k is not specified and there are less than50 unique data values, they are used as knot points. If there are morethan 50 unique points then 50 equally spaced points will be used. Thespline design matrix formed is written to the .res file. An example ofthe use of spl() isprice ∼ mu week !r spl(week)forms the square root of v + r. This may also be used to transform theresponse variable.Trait is used with multivariate data to fit the individual trait means. It isformally equivalent to mu but Trait is a more natural label for use withmultivariate data. It is interacted with other factors to estimate theireffects for all traits.unitsuni(f[,0[,n]])creates a factor with a level for every record in the data file. This is usedto fit the ’nugget’ variance when a correlation structure is applied to theresidual.creates a factor with a new level whenever there is a level present for thefactor f. Levels (effects) are not created if the level of factor f is 0, missingor negative. The size may be set in the third argument by setting thesecond argument to zero.