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15 Examples 257which models Σ byΣ = D 0.5 CD 0.5where D is a diagonal matrix of variances and C is a correlation matrix withelements given by c ij = φ |t i−t j | . The coding for this isy1 y3 y5 y7 y10 ~ Trait tmt Tr.tmt1 2 014 !S2==1Tr 0 EXPH .5 100 200 300 300 3001 3 5 7 10Note that it is necessary to fix the scale parameter to 1 (!S2==1) to ensure thatthe elements of D are identifiable. Abbreviated output from this analysis is1 LogL=-195.598 S2= 1.0000 60 df : 1 components constrained2 LogL=-179.036 S2= 1.0000 60 df3 LogL=-175.483 S2= 1.0000 60 df4 LogL=-173.128 S2= 1.0000 60 df5 LogL=-171.980 S2= 1.0000 60 df6 LogL=-171.615 S2= 1.0000 60 df7 LogL=-171.527 S2= 1.0000 60 df8 LogL=-171.504 S2= 1.0000 60 df9 LogL=-171.498 S2= 1.0000 60 df10 LogL=-171.496 S2= 1.0000 60 dfSource Model terms Gamma Component Comp/SE % CResidual POW-EXP 5 0.906917 0.906917 21.89 0 UResidual POW-EXP 5 60.9599 60.9599 2.12 0 UResidual POW-EXP 5 72.9904 72.9904 1.99 0 UResidual POW-EXP 5 309.259 309.259 2.22 0 UResidual POW-EXP 5 436.380 436.380 2.52 0 UResidual POW-EXP 5 382.369 382.369 2.74 0 UCovariance/Variance/Correlation Matrix POWER61.11 0.8227 0.6769 0.5569 0.415654.88 72.80 0.8227 0.6769 0.505193.12 123.5 309.7 0.8227 0.614091.02 120.7 302.7 437.1 0.746263.57 84.34 211.4 305.3 382.9Analysis of Variance DF F_inc8 Trait 5 127.951 tmt 1 0.009 Tr.tmt 4 4.75The last two models we fit are the antedependence model of order 1 and theunstructured model. These require, as starting values the lower triangle of thefull variance matrix. We use the REML estimate of Σ from the heterogeneous