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Of the 19 variables used, 11 were statistically significant in the deltaenvironment, 5 in the coastal, 11 in the dry zone rainfed, 3 in the dry zoneirrigated, and 8 in the northeastern zone (Table 53).As expected, variables that contributed to yield varied in different environments:11 variables (with 1 carrying a negative sign) were found to havecontributed to yield in the delta zone; 5 variables (2 positive and 3 negative)represented the coastal environment; 11 variables (7 positive and 4 negative),the dry zone rainfed and irrigated conditions; and 8 variables (2 negative), thenortheastern zone. As a whole, the analysis differed from the national model,signifying that factors responsible for yield change in different environmentsvaried widely. However, such variables as X 1 (area sown with MV) and X 23(program life) had varying degrees of response but had the same effect underalmost all conditions.Table 53 shows that for the delta environment, 11 variables were statisticallysignificant (7 variables at the 0.1% level, 1 variable at the 1% level, and 3Table 53. Regression coefficients of variables calculated from data obtained from productioncamps representing different environments. a Dry North-Variable Symbol Delta Coastal zone Irrigated easternrainfedzoneArea % sown with MVRow transplanted area (%)Area % sown with 25 to30-d-old seedlingslntercultivated area (%)Water management area(%)Manure applied (t/ha)Urea applied (kg/ha)Pest-protected area (%)Area per extension worker(ha)Number of staff trainedduring the yearFarmers' training (highlevel)Farmers' training(medium level)Voluntary labor (high level)Voluntary labor(medium level)Program lifeHarvested area (%)Constant (kg/ha)R 2 valueStandard errorX 6.57***1X ns2X 6.36***3X ns4X ns 5X 97.58***6X 4.26***7X 84.15***X 11 –0.13*X 13X 14X 15X 119.27*16X ns17X 465.16*23X ns241,113.550.85260.9816.09***nsnsnsnsnsns–64.29**ns10.69***–4.76*6.99**5.44**ns97.10**3.94*ns-0.30***nsnsns7.72*nsns5.92*nsns4.46***8.06***5.63**nsnsns–1.59**ns0.19*1.71* –17.49* ns ns –10.90*379.56*** –611.40*** ns ns ns249.44** ns 243.73* ns 449.13***ns nsns –341.57**231.74ns2,484.700.76199.75–312.33**7.21**1,448.790.53450.93nsns375.08***ns582.80*** nsns ns1,758.63 2,017.750.81 0.86150.42 272.24a *** = significant at .1% level. ** = significant at 1% level. * = significant at 5% level. ns = not significant.RICE PRODUCTION UNDER THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC GOVERNMENT 101
variables at the 5% level) with an 85% coefficient of determination. The yieldin the deltas was contributed mainly by:area sown with MV,area sown with 25- to 30-day-old seedlings,manure and chemical fertilizer applied,pest-protected area,training of staff and farmers,voluntary labor, andexperience accumulated through program life.Area per extension worker (X 11 ) showed a negative sign. The delta had amean value of 1603 ha per extension worker—a relatively large ratio foreffective technology transfer. As in the national model, MV, seedling age, plantprotection, training, voluntary labor, and program life had a positive influenceon yield. The analysis pointed out that proper management of these factorswas important in raising yield. It was also apparent that as area for MVexpanded, training of extension staff and farmers became more crucial.The factors that contributed to rice yield in the coastal environment werearea sown with MV and experience during the program period. In view of thehigh rainfall in this area, the other variables remained less important as far ascontribution to yield was concerned. Variable X 8 (% pest-protected area) in thezone meant a pest-infested area of 1-2%, which was well below the averagelevel of 10% in other zones. Being equivalent to a pest-infested area, it showeda negative sign. Training of extension staff and farmers did not contribute toyield; they even had a negative effect. This can be explained, perhaps, by thefact that during the training period, the extension staff were away from theirduty stations and the farmers were away from their fields. Transportationproblems in the coastal regions resulted in longer periods of absence from thefield. Under such a situation, the training curriculum and course durationmust be carefully considered.The factors that contributed to rice yield in the dry zone environment weremore inconsistent, especially under the dry zone rainfed condition. Under thiscondition, 11 variables significantly contributed to yield; but 7 variablescarried positive signs and 4 had negative signs, with a 53% coefficient ofdetermination. The seven variables with positive sign—X 1 , X 3 , X 4 , X 6 , X 7 , X 15 , andX 24 —followed the same pattern and exhibited the same phenomenon as didthe variables in the delta environment. An exception was X 4 , which was significantonly under the dry zone condition. Intercultivation in this environmentled to weeding and changing the soil physical condition, and constituted animportant impact point on which to raise yield. Controlling weeds by floodingwas not possible under the limited-rainfall Condition. A better explanation isneeded for variables that carried a negative sign—X 2 , X 11 , X 17 , and X 23 .Rice production in this region fell short of demand, and deficit forcedfarmers to use marginal areas. The production of rice was so dependent on102 A CENTURY OF RICE IMPROVEMENT IN BURMA
Page 3 and 4:
The International Rice Research Ins
Page 5 and 6:
Rice trading 29Rice milling 29Rice
Page 8:
ForewordRice dominates Burma’s ec
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ice production in the last decade.
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CHAPTER IIntroductionBurma is situa
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1. Trends in rice area and producti
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3. Soil distribution.INTRODUCTION 5
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and the rest of the country in 1885
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Rice production growth during this
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4. Rice threshing with cattle.5. Ri
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7. Transplanting.Farmers classify r
Page 28:
8. States and Divisions (1-7 are di
Page 43:
Table 11. Rice mills, 1894-1934 (DA
Page 51 and 52:
Rice area and productionAlthough th
Page 53 and 54:
Table 16. Rice production in select
Page 55 and 56:
Tenants of State Agricultural BankA
Page 57 and 58:
in 1960, representing a 17% increas
Page 59:
Table 20. Summary of extension acti
Page 62 and 63:
Table 24. Rice procurement by diffe
Page 64 and 65: This trade reduction severely affec
Page 66: conditions and a weak international
Page 69 and 70: the design, implementation, and eva
Page 71 and 72: Table 27 indicates the areas plante
Page 73 and 74: The coastal zone comprised four ric
Page 78 and 79: In the meantime, local researchers
Page 80 and 81: Table 35. Rice area planted, by gra
Page 83 and 84: All fertilizers were imported until
Page 85 and 86: points, 3) availability of cash amo
Page 87 and 88: hispa Hispa armigera. Though annual
Page 89 and 90: The amounts of agricultural loans g
Page 91 and 92: from double-cropped areas (Table 44
Page 93 and 94: when investment in the agricultural
Page 96 and 97: The program brought research and ex
Page 98 and 99: Table 46. Average area of responsib
Page 100 and 101: established practice among farmers,
Page 102 and 103: 12. Voluntary labor harvesting rice
Page 104 and 105: of harvesting. It sought voluntary
Page 106 and 107: nents that a larger project would r
Page 108 and 109: Table 48. Changes in area planted t
Page 110 and 111: Table 50. Average yield and product
Page 112 and 113: Results of analysisOf the variables
Page 116 and 117: weather that it influenced rice pro
Page 118 and 119: Table 54. Present level of technolo
Page 120 and 121: size of holdings, 40% of the prize
Page 122 and 123: average yield at that time was 2.20
Page 124 and 125: Table 59. Monthly transactions of t
Page 126 and 127: Table 61. Irrigated areas for rice,
Page 128 and 129: Table 62. Tillage operation by trac
Page 130 and 131: 18. AFPTC rice procurement center.A
Page 132 and 133: Table 65. Annual rice procurement (
Page 134 and 135: for seeds; still others sold their
Page 136 and 137: primarily to help achieve the AFPTC
Page 138 and 139: Table 67. Annual rice production an
Page 140 and 141: Table 68. Comparison of paid-out co
Page 142 and 143: CHAPTER VImplications for the futur
Page 144 and 145: agricultural research can be brough
Page 146 and 147: Motivation of scientistsUnder these
Page 148 and 149: or as individuals. Research is to b
Page 150 and 151: CHAPTER VIConclusionsBurma’s econ
Page 152 and 153: References citedAdas M (1974) The B
Page 154: SRUB—The socialist Republic of th
Page 157 and 158: Appendix 1 continuedSown area Produ
Page 159 and 160: Appendix II continuedShareRice a Al
Page 161 and 162: Appendix IV continuedYear Exports Y
Page 163 and 164: Appendix VIcontinuedVariable Symbol
Page 165 and 166:
All combined1977-84 1977-78 1978-79
Page 167 and 168:
Appendix VIII. Correlation coeffici
Page 170 and 171:
IndexAdas, M 6Africa 125, 137Agricu
Page 172 and 173:
farmers 6-9, 13, 18, 23, 25-26, 29,
Page 174 and 175:
Okpo Small Loan Department110, 111O
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