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Table 61. Irrigated areas for rice, 1961-85. alrrigated area bYear Net % % sharesown area Rice Other Total irrigated of ricecrops1961196219631964196519661967196819691970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985716276907968794179007798769577957778789679627884806481038130802881108251805783178413823082708359837247249966368363366369174172273675273282687287583285789683287386580583986185897126162167180176177177205210259281272249253241260303292321319352369419376569625825850813839868918927946101110131098112111281073111711991124119411841157120812801234a Sources: For 1961-67 data, RGUB 1970; for 1968-73, SRUE 1974; for 1974-78, SRUE 1979;for 1979-82, SRUB 1984; and for 1983-85, SRUB 1987. b lrrigated area includes double-croppedarea.Crop cultivation in irrigated areas received supplementary water and soduring years of scanty rainfall the effect of irrigation was more pronounced.The contribution of irrigation to the rice production program was minimal, butMV area expansion was beneficial only in the irrigated areas in Upper Burma.It also enhanced cropping intensity.MechanizationThe government organized the Agricultural Mechanization Department (AMD)to introduce mechanization to Burmese agriculture. It bought more tractors tosupplement draft animals. But AMD played a limited role and providedtractors only for tillage operations. There was practically no mechanization inthe other aspects of production.Tractors proved more useful in the dry upland zone than in the smallricefields. But with the expansion of MVs, farmers cultivated a second cropafter rice, utilizing the residual soil moisture. The draft animals were completely88101110111112121213131414141314151414141415151583808080787980817878747275787878777574737370696770RICE PRODUCTION UNDER THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC GOVERNMENT 113
exhausted after one season of rice cultivation and were not able to carry outtillage operations for the second crop. Tractors served well under thesesituations when tillage operations had to be done in a limited time before lossof soil moisture (Fig. 17). Farmers used AMD tractors for tillage, and the draftanimals were harnessed only in the final operations.This system helped relieve the burden on draft cattle to a great extent.Tractor-operated tillage involved plowing and harrowing. AMD gave themachines to farmers at a subsidized rate, but fuel, spare parts, and repair andmaintenance costs inhibited their extensive use. Table 62 shows tillage operationsundertaken by tractors in selected years.AMD reported work in acre-turn which means a tractor plowing orharrowing on one acre. Farmers used tractors for one plowing or one harrowingor, at times, two harrowings, depending on the soil's physical conditions andthe crops to be cultivated. There is no way to calculate the area covered by thetractors, but it may be assumed that every farmer paid for one tractor run only.(AMD converted acre-turn to hectare-turn to indicate area coverage mentionedin Table 62.) Evidently, the data are overestimated in view of the usualpractice of employing one tractor plowing followed by one harrowing, whichwould record two instead of one hectare-turn. But even with these data, thearea coverage of 2% in 1962 increased to only 9% in 1985. Actual area coveragemay have been in the range of half a million ha or around 5% of the net sownarea in 1985.Though coverage was not impressive, the work done by the tractorssubstantially reduced the load factor of draft animals. Furthermore, tillageoperations were done in a short time before great loss of soil moisture. Tractorsthus indirectly contributed to the rice production program by providing anopportunity to exploit the short growth duration characteristics of MVs.Farmers appreciated the utility of tractors; demand always exceeded supply17. Tractor tillage operation for second crop.114 A CENTURY OF RICE IMPROVEMENT IN BURMA
Page 3 and 4:
The International Rice Research Ins
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Rice trading 29Rice milling 29Rice
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ForewordRice dominates Burma’s ec
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ice production in the last decade.
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CHAPTER IIntroductionBurma is situa
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1. Trends in rice area and producti
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3. Soil distribution.INTRODUCTION 5
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and the rest of the country in 1885
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Rice production growth during this
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4. Rice threshing with cattle.5. Ri
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7. Transplanting.Farmers classify r
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8. States and Divisions (1-7 are di
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Table 11. Rice mills, 1894-1934 (DA
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Rice area and productionAlthough th
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Table 16. Rice production in select
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Tenants of State Agricultural BankA
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in 1960, representing a 17% increas
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Table 20. Summary of extension acti
Page 62 and 63:
Table 24. Rice procurement by diffe
Page 64 and 65:
This trade reduction severely affec
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conditions and a weak international
Page 69 and 70:
the design, implementation, and eva
Page 71 and 72:
Table 27 indicates the areas plante
Page 73 and 74:
The coastal zone comprised four ric
Page 78 and 79: In the meantime, local researchers
Page 80 and 81: Table 35. Rice area planted, by gra
Page 83 and 84: All fertilizers were imported until
Page 85 and 86: points, 3) availability of cash amo
Page 87 and 88: hispa Hispa armigera. Though annual
Page 89 and 90: The amounts of agricultural loans g
Page 91 and 92: from double-cropped areas (Table 44
Page 93 and 94: when investment in the agricultural
Page 96 and 97: The program brought research and ex
Page 98 and 99: Table 46. Average area of responsib
Page 100 and 101: established practice among farmers,
Page 102 and 103: 12. Voluntary labor harvesting rice
Page 104 and 105: of harvesting. It sought voluntary
Page 106 and 107: nents that a larger project would r
Page 108 and 109: Table 48. Changes in area planted t
Page 110 and 111: Table 50. Average yield and product
Page 112 and 113: Results of analysisOf the variables
Page 114 and 115: Of the 19 variables used, 11 were s
Page 116 and 117: weather that it influenced rice pro
Page 118 and 119: Table 54. Present level of technolo
Page 120 and 121: size of holdings, 40% of the prize
Page 122 and 123: average yield at that time was 2.20
Page 124 and 125: Table 59. Monthly transactions of t
Page 128 and 129: Table 62. Tillage operation by trac
Page 130 and 131: 18. AFPTC rice procurement center.A
Page 132 and 133: Table 65. Annual rice procurement (
Page 134 and 135: for seeds; still others sold their
Page 136 and 137: primarily to help achieve the AFPTC
Page 138 and 139: Table 67. Annual rice production an
Page 140 and 141: Table 68. Comparison of paid-out co
Page 142 and 143: CHAPTER VImplications for the futur
Page 144 and 145: agricultural research can be brough
Page 146 and 147: Motivation of scientistsUnder these
Page 148 and 149: or as individuals. Research is to b
Page 150 and 151: CHAPTER VIConclusionsBurma’s econ
Page 152 and 153: References citedAdas M (1974) The B
Page 154: SRUB—The socialist Republic of th
Page 157 and 158: Appendix 1 continuedSown area Produ
Page 159 and 160: Appendix II continuedShareRice a Al
Page 161 and 162: Appendix IV continuedYear Exports Y
Page 163 and 164: Appendix VIcontinuedVariable Symbol
Page 165 and 166: All combined1977-84 1977-78 1978-79
Page 167 and 168: Appendix VIII. Correlation coeffici
Page 170 and 171: IndexAdas, M 6Africa 125, 137Agricu
Page 172 and 173: farmers 6-9, 13, 18, 23, 25-26, 29,
Page 174 and 175: Okpo Small Loan Department110, 111O
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