A century of rice improvement in Burma - IRRI books - International ...

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Table 68. Comparison of paid-out cost of traditional and new technology (percentof production).Particular 1932 1960Traditional1981NewPaid-out costHired laborHired animal laborSeedFertilizerManureLand rent8446104--405753135--283262129683305110915132Sources: Department reports, Agricultural Corporation (various years).period, a farmer needed to pay only 30% of his output as paid-out cost,enabling him to retain 70% as his share.With traditional technology, 62% of these paid-out costs were used forhired labor, 6% for fertilizers, and 8% for manure; 3% covered the nominal landtax levied by the government. The corresponding figures for the new technologywere 51, 15, 13, and 2%, respectively. (Land rent was greatly reduced in thethird period because of the abolition of the landlord class.)In this period, farmers undoubtedly benefited from the new technology.A high percentage of produce enjoyed by hired labor showed a favorabledistribution of output among the landless farmers. The new technologyneeded more labor than did the traditional practice and subsequently, providedmore opportunities for rural employment. The increasing labor input generatedgreater rice output, which was then distributed reasonably well to thelandless workers. Aside from farmers, the laborers were likewise benefited bythe new technologyImpactScience generated rapid rice production growth during the period, especiallyin the late 1970s and early 1980s when WTRPP gained momentum. Butlimitations in foreign exchange and the existing infrastructure—which forcedan annual increasing demand for fertilizer—lessened the impact. MVs replacedlocal varieties in almost all favorable areas; the adverse environmentsrequired newer MVs adaptable to the situation.The role of farmers in the country’s drive for higher agricultural productionwas widely appreciated. Unity among farmers organized under theFarmers’ Assiayones helped elevate their status in society. Many rural projectson water supply, health and sanitation education, cooperatives, and otherinfrastructure affirmed public recognition of their services. Introduction of thehealth and accident insurance system for draft cattle purchased under MABloans encouraged farmers to take more risks. There were some plans toRICE PRODUCTION UNDER THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC GOVERNMENT 127
introduce a crop insurance scheme to support rainfed agricultural systems.The farmers’ emergence from an exploited to a respectable class in society was,by itself, clear proof of the impact of rapid rice production growth. But farmerswere somewhat resentful of the slow increase in the price of rice in relation tochanges in prices of other crops, which were not under government control.During the period, the impact of rice production was less than expected.It would be unimaginable to experience rice scarcity in a country that was oncea premier exporter. The public anxiously needed to be assured of a continuedsupply of rice, since it lacked confidence in the AFPTC and the consumers’cooperatives. The supply of good-quality rice from cooperatives was uncertain;meanwhile, one could buy any amount in the open market at higherprices. Mismanagement and manipulation by some dishonest people of theprocurement, processing, storage, and distribution of rice created “scarcityamidst plenty.” Many of the problems were self-created.In 1987, the government lifted control of the rice trade. It would beinteresting to assess its impact on the economic and social conditions of thecountry.128 A CENTURY OF RICE IMPROVEMENT IN BURMA
Page 3 and 4:
The International Rice Research Ins
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Rice trading 29Rice milling 29Rice
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ForewordRice dominates Burma’s ec
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ice production in the last decade.
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CHAPTER IIntroductionBurma is situa
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1. Trends in rice area and producti
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3. Soil distribution.INTRODUCTION 5
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and the rest of the country in 1885
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Rice production growth during this
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4. Rice threshing with cattle.5. Ri
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7. Transplanting.Farmers classify r
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8. States and Divisions (1-7 are di
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Table 11. Rice mills, 1894-1934 (DA
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Rice area and productionAlthough th
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Table 16. Rice production in select
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Tenants of State Agricultural BankA
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in 1960, representing a 17% increas
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Table 20. Summary of extension acti
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Table 24. Rice procurement by diffe
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This trade reduction severely affec
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conditions and a weak international
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the design, implementation, and eva
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Table 27 indicates the areas plante
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The coastal zone comprised four ric
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In the meantime, local researchers
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Table 35. Rice area planted, by gra
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All fertilizers were imported until
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points, 3) availability of cash amo
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hispa Hispa armigera. Though annual
Page 89 and 90: The amounts of agricultural loans g
Page 91 and 92: from double-cropped areas (Table 44
Page 93 and 94: when investment in the agricultural
Page 96 and 97: The program brought research and ex
Page 98 and 99: Table 46. Average area of responsib
Page 100 and 101: established practice among farmers,
Page 102 and 103: 12. Voluntary labor harvesting rice
Page 104 and 105: of harvesting. It sought voluntary
Page 106 and 107: nents that a larger project would r
Page 108 and 109: Table 48. Changes in area planted t
Page 110 and 111: Table 50. Average yield and product
Page 112 and 113: Results of analysisOf the variables
Page 114 and 115: Of the 19 variables used, 11 were s
Page 116 and 117: weather that it influenced rice pro
Page 118 and 119: Table 54. Present level of technolo
Page 120 and 121: size of holdings, 40% of the prize
Page 122 and 123: average yield at that time was 2.20
Page 124 and 125: Table 59. Monthly transactions of t
Page 126 and 127: Table 61. Irrigated areas for rice,
Page 128 and 129: Table 62. Tillage operation by trac
Page 130 and 131: 18. AFPTC rice procurement center.A
Page 132 and 133: Table 65. Annual rice procurement (
Page 134 and 135: for seeds; still others sold their
Page 136 and 137: primarily to help achieve the AFPTC
Page 138 and 139: Table 67. Annual rice production an
Page 142 and 143: CHAPTER VImplications for the futur
Page 144 and 145: agricultural research can be brough
Page 146 and 147: Motivation of scientistsUnder these
Page 148 and 149: or as individuals. Research is to b
Page 150 and 151: CHAPTER VIConclusionsBurma’s econ
Page 152 and 153: References citedAdas M (1974) The B
Page 154: SRUB—The socialist Republic of th
Page 157 and 158: Appendix 1 continuedSown area Produ
Page 159 and 160: Appendix II continuedShareRice a Al
Page 161 and 162: Appendix IV continuedYear Exports Y
Page 163 and 164: Appendix VIcontinuedVariable Symbol
Page 165 and 166: All combined1977-84 1977-78 1978-79
Page 167 and 168: Appendix VIII. Correlation coeffici
Page 170 and 171: IndexAdas, M 6Africa 125, 137Agricu
Page 172 and 173: farmers 6-9, 13, 18, 23, 25-26, 29,
Page 174 and 175: Okpo Small Loan Department110, 111O
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