Bogumil Terminski Environmentally-Induced Displacement ... - Cedem

More documents

Recommendations

Info

the Commission proposal for a global financing mechanism 25 .EACH-FOR Programme. The Environmental Change and Forced Migration Scenarios(EACH-FOR) was a two-year long research project within the frames of the EuropeanCommission. The main goals of the project were: 1. to identify links contributing to forcedmigration focusing on the integration and interpretation of existing forced migration research,2. to examine relations between environmental degradation and forced migration, 3. toproduce an advanced case study research investigating these relations, 4. to analyze, forecastand synthesize how environmental degradation affects migration patterns 26 .Council of Europe (COE) In October 2008 a group of COE Parliamentary Assembly askedthe Committee of Ministers to prepare a preliminary recommendation for recognition of theproblem of `ecological refugees`27 . On 31 January 2009, the Parliamentary Assembly adoptedRecommendation 1862 (2009) `<strong>Environmentally</strong> induced migration and displacement: a 21stcenturychallenge`28 . The problem of environmentally induced displacement was alsodiscucces during the debates on climate change, global warming and large scale arrival ofirregular migrants, asylum seekers and refugees on Europe's southern shores 29 . According tothe section 4 of the Resolution 1637 ` Europe’s boat people: mixed migration flows by seainto southern Europe`:„Many thousands of lives are lost as irregular migrants, refugees and asylumseekers take to sea in unseaworthy boats and undertake longer and moreperilous journeys to reach Europe. They leave for a multitude of differentreasons, including to escape violent conflicts, human rights abuses,persecution, abject poverty and environmental degradation. They lack legalavenues to enter Europe and often pass through countries which offer noeffective international protection” 30 .Legislation of two EU Member States take into account environmental disasters25Presidency Conclusions of the Brussels European Council, 19 to 20 June 2008, see http://www.euun.europa.eu/articles/en/article_7972_en.htm.26Environmental Change and Forced Migration Scenarios (EACH-FOR, 2007-2009), see http://www.eachfor.eu/index.php?module=main.27A. Sgro, "Towards recognition of environmental refugees by the European Union ", REVUE Asylon(s), no. 6,Novembre 2008.28http://assembly.coe.int/main.asp?Link=/documents/adoptedtext/ta09/erec1862.htm29COE Parliamentary Assembly: Resolution 1637 (2008) Europe’s boat people: mixed migration flows by sea into southern30Europe.COE Parliamentary Assembly: Resolution 1637 (2008) Europe’s boat people: mixed migration flows by sea intoSouthern Europe.
(catastrophes) as one of the prerequisites to apply for asylum. According to the SwedishAliens Act of 2005 (Chapter 4, Section 3) the people who are "unable to return to the countryof origin because of an environmental disaster" are described as persons in "need forprotection" 31 . The Aliens Act of Finland, adopted in 2004, refers to the problem in twodifferent sections (section 88a- Humanitarian Protection and section 109 – TemporaryProtection). In accordance with the section 88, environmental disaster may be a prerequisiteto apply for asylum in the absence of the possibility of returning to his/her country of origin orformer residence 32 .Towards recognition and protection of forced environmental migrants in the publicinternational law. Refugee or IDPs umbrella?Theoretical considerations: classifying environmentally induced forced displacementGiven the nature of the displacement processes observed recently, it seems reasonable todistinguish three types of forced internal displacement. These include:1. Conflict-induced displacement (usually resulting from the dynamics of internalarmed conflicts and long-term discrimination). We can call these internally displacedpeople (IDPs) either “conflict-induced displaced persons” or “conflict-inducedinternally displaced people”. People displaced due to political conflicts are also called“persons displaced by conflicts”, “politically displaced persons”, “internal refugees”,“political refugees”, “internally displaced persons” (only in a political context). Theinternal displacement is also rooted in ethnic, religious, national and racialdiscrimination.2. <strong>Environmentally</strong>-induced displacement (following a permanent, interim, orsudden change in environmental conditions relevant for human functioning). We cancall these displaced people: “environmentally-induced displaced people”,“environmental refugees”, “environmental displacees”, “environmentally-induceddisplaced persons” (EDPs), “environmentally-displaced populations”,31See: Aliens Act (2005:716) available at: http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/06/61/22/bfb61014.pdf32See: Aliens Act ((301/2004, amendments up to 1152/2010 included) available at:http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2004/en20040301.pdf
Page 4 and 5: TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction .....
Page 6 and 7: whole population in developing coun
Page 10: PART ONE:ENVIRONMENTALLY-INDUCED DI
Page 16: climate change 19 . As noticed by M
Page 21 and 22: esidence refers to the environmenta
Page 23 and 24: early 20th century. Of particular i
Page 25 and 26: According to Graeme Hugo, environme
Page 27 and 28: Climate Change uses the term “for
Page 31 and 32: In 1988, Jodi Jacobson from Worldwa
Page 33 and 34: According to Norman Myers, environm
Page 35 and 36: Some authors linked the phenomenon
Page 37 and 38: of the problem is to adopt a conven
Page 39 and 40: to detach the general category of e
Page 41 and 42: and “environmental refugees”),
Page 43 and 44: etween two categories of resettleme
Page 45 and 46: nearly a million victims) 85 .Reaso
Page 47 and 48: areas of Africa (e.g. Sudan, Chad,
Page 49 and 50: disasters. Every year, floods lead
Page 51 and 52: damage to the country’s most impo
Page 53 and 54: international organisations for sev
Page 55 and 56: PART TWO:THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OFE
Page 57 and 58: OECD General Typology of Natural Di
Page 59 and 60: The Classification of TheCauses of
Page 61 and 62: (with a coast equal to or lower tha
Page 63 and 64: continues to be a major problem fac
Page 65 and 66: killed), Gujarat in India in 2001 (
Page 67 and 68:
take diverse in nature. Very often
Page 69 and 70:
the hurricane (368,000 were displac
Page 71 and 72:
that irreversible consequences of f
Page 73 and 74:
areas of the world continue to cons
Page 75:
Studies undertaken on that issue, o
Page 78 and 79:
the author) is thus of a brief char
Page 80 and 81:
Middle East, and North and Central
Page 82 and 83:
London, 2000.Cubides F., Domínguez
Page 84 and 85:
Measures of Equalization?, Grinn Ve
Page 86 and 87:
Werner D. (ed.), Biological resourc
Page 88 and 89:
Springer, Berlin, 2003, pp. 35-145.
Page 90 and 91:
Enarson E., "A Gendered Human Right
Page 92 and 93:
Faso & Presses universitaires de Ou
Page 94 and 95:
Institute of Policy Studies, School
Page 96 and 97:
San Marco P., “Migrations transsa
Page 98 and 99:
for the world economy, Edward Elgar
Page 100 and 101:
Aung T., Singh A., Prasad A., "Sea
Page 102 and 103:
1989, pp. 73-75.Black R., "Fifty Ye
Page 104 and 105:
2006, pp. 247-252.Byravan S., Rajan
Page 106 and 107:
Chinedu U.O., "Internal displacemen
Page 108 and 109:
vol. 20), 2004, pp. 201-229.Curran
Page 110 and 111:
Dun O., "Migration and Displacement
Page 112 and 113:
Académica de Relaciones Internacio
Page 114 and 115:
Hammer T., "Desertification and Mig
Page 116 and 117:
41, no. 5, 1998, pp. 449-472.Hugo G
Page 118 and 119:
International Environmental Law Rev
Page 120 and 121:
Leimgruber W., "Values, Migration,
Page 122 and 123:
Journal of Trauma and Emergency Sur
Page 124 and 125:
Millar I., "There's No Place Like H
Page 126 and 127:
Mouat D., "Desertification and soci
Page 128 and 129:
Ollitrault S., "De la sauvegarde de
Page 130 and 131:
Piantoni F., "Les recompositions te
Page 132 and 133:
Risse M., "The Right to Relocation:
Page 134 and 135:
October 15-19 2008, La Valetta, pp.
Page 136 and 137:
Thomas D.S.G., Twyman C., "Equity a
Page 138 and 139:
Webb A.P., Kench P.S., "The dynamic
Page 140 and 141:
Practicing Anthropology, vol. 13, n
Page 142 and 143:
Studies Centre, 2008.Boland S., Dol
Page 144 and 145:
Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Coop
Page 146 and 147:
Flintan F., "Environmental Refugees
Page 148 and 149:
Workshop on Migration and the Envir
Page 150 and 151:
65.Leighton Schwartz M., Hanson H.,
Page 152 and 153:
Paper), Refugee Studies Centre Oxfo
Page 154 and 155:
Oliver-Smith A. (ed.), Vulnerabilit
Page 156 and 157:
Siyaranamual M.D., Constructing the
Page 158 and 159:
Yenotani, M., Displacement due to N
show all

Bogumil Terminski Environmentally-Induced Displacement ... - Cedem

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?