Bogumil Terminski Environmentally-Induced Displacement ... - Cedem

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the construction of Akosombo dam) and, albeit on a limited scale, politicallymotivated refugees (including international ones). Just as in Sudan or Nigeriaone can observed there all major categories of internal displacement, as wellas other facinating migratory processess (e.g. independent childrenmigrations).In an article entitled “Environmentally Displaced People” the same authornotes:Persons who are displaced within their country of habitual residence or whohave crossed an international border and for whom environmental degradation,deterioration or destruction is a major cause of their displacement, althoughnot necessarily the sole one, belong to environmentally displacedpeople. These persons are refugees in the real sense of the word, but theirsituation does not coincide with the legal definition of “refugee”. 77The concept relatively quickly penetrated well the academic discourse. Theterm “environmentally displaced people” was used, among others, by Boano,Zetter and Morris (2006), and to some extent also in released a few years agoan excellent monograph by Alexander Betts (Forced Migrations and the GlobalPolitics). As pointed out by Laura Westra term “environmentally displacedpeople” should not be treated as a synonymfor ecological or environmental refugees 78 .The theoretical reflections presented above have led me to create my ownworking definition of the terms “environmental migrants” and“environmentally displaced people”. I particularly want to draw attention tothe diversity of contemporary environmental migration, as well as the scale ofthe threats that affect it. It is even more important to point out diversity in boththe duration and the scale of the coercive factors which force migrants to fleetheir homes. According to above-mentioned assumptions, it seems reasonable77L. Hens, “Environmentally Displaced People”. In Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (ELOSS),http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C16/E1-48-51.pdf.78A. Betts, Forced Migrations and Global Politics, Wiley & Blackwell, 2009, p. 1; C. Boano, R. Zetter, T.Morris, Environmentally displaced people: understanding the linkages between environmental change,livelihoods and forced migration, Refugee Studies Centre, 2008; L. Westra, Environmental Justice and theRights of Ecological Refugees, 2009.
to detach the general category of environmental migrants from the narrower(and thereby subordinate to it) category of environmentally displaced people:α) Environmental migrants are persons making a short-lived, cyclical, orlong-term change of residence, of a voluntary or forced character, due tospecific environmental factors. Environmentally displaced people form aspecific type of environmental migrant;β) Environmentally displaced people are persons compelled tospontaneous, short-lived, cyclical, or long-term changes of residence dueto sudden or gradually emerging changes in the environment essential totheir living conditions, which may be of either a short-term or anirreversible character.We can describe the general ecosystemic properties relevant to human functioningin a particular area as “environmental conditions” or “environmentalfactors”.Thus every environmental refugee is an environmental migrant, but not everyenvironmental migrant is an environmental refugee.The following table lists the most commonly used terms for the people forcedto abandon their homes due to environmental reasons:Major analytical categoriesRefugeesMigrantsDisplaced peopleMost common terms“environmental refugees”; “climate refugees”; “climate change refugees”;“eco-refugees”; “environmental-refugee-to-be”; “ecological refugees” (L.Brown, 1976; L. Westra 2009)“environmental migrants”; “environmentally induced migrants”; “climatemigrants”; “climigrants”; “ecomigrants”; “environmemtal forcedmigrants”; “environmemtally forced migrant”; “environmemtal emergencymigrant”; “environmemtally motivated migrant”; “climate forcedmigrants”; “environment influenced mobility”; “forced climate migrants”;“climate-driven migrants”;“environmentally displaced people”; “environmental displacees”;“environmentally induced displaced persons”; “ecologically displaced
Page 4 and 5: TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction .....
Page 6 and 7: whole population in developing coun
Page 10: PART ONE:ENVIRONMENTALLY-INDUCED DI
Page 16: climate change 19 . As noticed by M
Page 19 and 20: (catastrophes) as one of the prereq
Page 21 and 22: esidence refers to the environmenta
Page 23 and 24: early 20th century. Of particular i
Page 25 and 26: According to Graeme Hugo, environme
Page 27 and 28: Climate Change uses the term “for
Page 31 and 32: In 1988, Jodi Jacobson from Worldwa
Page 33 and 34: According to Norman Myers, environm
Page 35 and 36: Some authors linked the phenomenon
Page 37: of the problem is to adopt a conven
Page 41 and 42: and “environmental refugees”),
Page 43 and 44: etween two categories of resettleme
Page 45 and 46: nearly a million victims) 85 .Reaso
Page 47 and 48: areas of Africa (e.g. Sudan, Chad,
Page 49 and 50: disasters. Every year, floods lead
Page 51 and 52: damage to the country’s most impo
Page 53 and 54: international organisations for sev
Page 55 and 56: PART TWO:THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OFE
Page 57 and 58: OECD General Typology of Natural Di
Page 59 and 60: The Classification of TheCauses of
Page 61 and 62: (with a coast equal to or lower tha
Page 63 and 64: continues to be a major problem fac
Page 65 and 66: killed), Gujarat in India in 2001 (
Page 67 and 68: take diverse in nature. Very often
Page 69 and 70: the hurricane (368,000 were displac
Page 71 and 72: that irreversible consequences of f
Page 73 and 74: areas of the world continue to cons
Page 75: Studies undertaken on that issue, o
Page 78 and 79: the author) is thus of a brief char
Page 80 and 81: Middle East, and North and Central
Page 82 and 83: London, 2000.Cubides F., Domínguez
Page 84 and 85: Measures of Equalization?, Grinn Ve
Page 86 and 87: Werner D. (ed.), Biological resourc
Page 88 and 89:
Springer, Berlin, 2003, pp. 35-145.
Page 90 and 91:
Enarson E., "A Gendered Human Right
Page 92 and 93:
Faso & Presses universitaires de Ou
Page 94 and 95:
Institute of Policy Studies, School
Page 96 and 97:
San Marco P., “Migrations transsa
Page 98 and 99:
for the world economy, Edward Elgar
Page 100 and 101:
Aung T., Singh A., Prasad A., "Sea
Page 102 and 103:
1989, pp. 73-75.Black R., "Fifty Ye
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2006, pp. 247-252.Byravan S., Rajan
Page 106 and 107:
Chinedu U.O., "Internal displacemen
Page 108 and 109:
vol. 20), 2004, pp. 201-229.Curran
Page 110 and 111:
Dun O., "Migration and Displacement
Page 112 and 113:
Académica de Relaciones Internacio
Page 114 and 115:
Hammer T., "Desertification and Mig
Page 116 and 117:
41, no. 5, 1998, pp. 449-472.Hugo G
Page 118 and 119:
International Environmental Law Rev
Page 120 and 121:
Leimgruber W., "Values, Migration,
Page 122 and 123:
Journal of Trauma and Emergency Sur
Page 124 and 125:
Millar I., "There's No Place Like H
Page 126 and 127:
Mouat D., "Desertification and soci
Page 128 and 129:
Ollitrault S., "De la sauvegarde de
Page 130 and 131:
Piantoni F., "Les recompositions te
Page 132 and 133:
Risse M., "The Right to Relocation:
Page 134 and 135:
October 15-19 2008, La Valetta, pp.
Page 136 and 137:
Thomas D.S.G., Twyman C., "Equity a
Page 138 and 139:
Webb A.P., Kench P.S., "The dynamic
Page 140 and 141:
Practicing Anthropology, vol. 13, n
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Studies Centre, 2008.Boland S., Dol
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Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Coop
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Flintan F., "Environmental Refugees
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Workshop on Migration and the Envir
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65.Leighton Schwartz M., Hanson H.,
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Paper), Refugee Studies Centre Oxfo
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Oliver-Smith A. (ed.), Vulnerabilit
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Siyaranamual M.D., Constructing the
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Yenotani, M., Displacement due to N
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