Bogumil Terminski Environmentally-Induced Displacement ... - Cedem

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word “oikos”, which means ‘household’, ‘home’, or ‘family’).However several authors apply the term “environmental migrants” only topersons changing their place of residence in a voluntary manner. For OliviaDun, François Gemenne and Robert Stojanov environmental migrants “arepeople who chose to move voluntarily from their usual place of residenceprimarily due to environmental concerns or reasons.” 392. Climate migrants (climate refugees, climate exiles). Due to climaticreasons, rooted in many contemporary migratory movements, the term“climate refugees” is relatively frequently used. For obvious reasons, thiscategory is definitely narrower than the term “environmental migrants”.The Global Governance Project defines climate refugees as “people who haveto leave their habitats, immediately or in the near future, because of sudden orgradual alterations in their natural environment related to at least one of threeimpacts of climate change: sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and droughtand water scarcity”. 40 According to the definition from the GlobalEncyclopaedia of Political Geography, a climate refugee is “a persondislocated by climatic change induced environmental disasters. Such disastersare evidence of human-influenced ecological change and disruption to Earth’sclimatic system, primarily through the emissions of greenhouse gases”. 41 Theterm “climate refugees” does not seem the same as the term “environmentalrefugees”, most frequently used in scientific publications. (The term “climaterefugees” is, in my opinion, a more detailed category than “environmentalrefugees”.).Oli Brown, the author of 2008 IOM publication entitled Migration and39O. Dun, F. Gemenne, R. Stojanov, <strong>Environmentally</strong> displaced persons: Working Definitions for the EACH-FOR project, paper presented at the International Conference on Migration and Development in Ostrava, CzechRepublic on 5 September 2007.40“Global Governance Project”: http://www.glogov.org/.41M.A. Chaudhary, G. Chaudhary (eds.), Global Encyclopaedia of Political Geography, 2009, p. 43.
Climate Change uses the term “forced climate migrants”. Though he does notseek to define in a exhaustive way this phenomenon. In his view, the problemrequires a far broader normative conceptualization, especially in the context ofinternational refugee protection. Equally important are the practical measuresat the national level. State authorities should seek to minimize the problemsassociated with deteriorating environmental conditions: poverty, health risks,marginalization and lack of access to basic resources.The impact of climate change on the dynamics of migration processes is acontroversial issue. According to many experts there is currently no clearevidence of climate processes such as sustained increase in sea level. Researchon global warming leads to more and more doubts and antagonisms. Studies ofthis kind are most often deeply politicized. Furthermore what is worthmentioning is that the climate change processes are only a bart of a broaderenvironmental context, rather than vice versa. These caveats were clearlyillustrated by Kanti Bimal Paul, author of recently published bookEnvironmental Hazards and Disasters: Contexts, Perspectives andManagement. In his view, “climate migrant is a subcategory of environmentalmigrant and sea level rise migrant is a subcategory of climate migrant” 42 .As Frank Laczko and Christine Aghazarm noted:‘Natural disasters’ can be seen as a subcategory of ‘environmental disasters’,which have been classified by theorists in different ways, according to theircause and temporal nature. The causes of displacement are difficult todisentangle, given the political, economic, demographic and environmentalfactors at play 43 .As Elizabeth Ferris added, climate conditioned migrations or displacementsare usually permanent in nature. People forced to flee as a result of rising sealevels will not have a chance to get back home. In extreme cases, climate exile42B. Kanti Paul, Environmental Hazards and Disasters. Contexts, Perspectives and Management, Wiley-Blackwell, 2011, s. 25.43F. Laczko, Ch. Aghazarm (eds.), Migration, Environemt and Climate Change, Assessing the Evidence, IOM,Geneva, 2009, p. 250.
Page 4 and 5: TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction .....
Page 6 and 7: whole population in developing coun
Page 10: PART ONE:ENVIRONMENTALLY-INDUCED DI
Page 16: climate change 19 . As noticed by M
Page 19 and 20: (catastrophes) as one of the prereq
Page 21 and 22: esidence refers to the environmenta
Page 23 and 24: early 20th century. Of particular i
Page 25: According to Graeme Hugo, environme
Page 31 and 32: In 1988, Jodi Jacobson from Worldwa
Page 33 and 34: According to Norman Myers, environm
Page 35 and 36: Some authors linked the phenomenon
Page 37 and 38: of the problem is to adopt a conven
Page 39 and 40: to detach the general category of e
Page 41 and 42: and “environmental refugees”),
Page 43 and 44: etween two categories of resettleme
Page 45 and 46: nearly a million victims) 85 .Reaso
Page 47 and 48: areas of Africa (e.g. Sudan, Chad,
Page 49 and 50: disasters. Every year, floods lead
Page 51 and 52: damage to the country’s most impo
Page 53 and 54: international organisations for sev
Page 55 and 56: PART TWO:THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OFE
Page 57 and 58: OECD General Typology of Natural Di
Page 59 and 60: The Classification of TheCauses of
Page 61 and 62: (with a coast equal to or lower tha
Page 63 and 64: continues to be a major problem fac
Page 65 and 66: killed), Gujarat in India in 2001 (
Page 67 and 68: take diverse in nature. Very often
Page 69 and 70: the hurricane (368,000 were displac
Page 71 and 72: that irreversible consequences of f
Page 73 and 74: areas of the world continue to cons
Page 75: Studies undertaken on that issue, o
Page 78 and 79:
the author) is thus of a brief char
Page 80 and 81:
Middle East, and North and Central
Page 82 and 83:
London, 2000.Cubides F., Domínguez
Page 84 and 85:
Measures of Equalization?, Grinn Ve
Page 86 and 87:
Werner D. (ed.), Biological resourc
Page 88 and 89:
Springer, Berlin, 2003, pp. 35-145.
Page 90 and 91:
Enarson E., "A Gendered Human Right
Page 92 and 93:
Faso & Presses universitaires de Ou
Page 94 and 95:
Institute of Policy Studies, School
Page 96 and 97:
San Marco P., “Migrations transsa
Page 98 and 99:
for the world economy, Edward Elgar
Page 100 and 101:
Aung T., Singh A., Prasad A., "Sea
Page 102 and 103:
1989, pp. 73-75.Black R., "Fifty Ye
Page 104 and 105:
2006, pp. 247-252.Byravan S., Rajan
Page 106 and 107:
Chinedu U.O., "Internal displacemen
Page 108 and 109:
vol. 20), 2004, pp. 201-229.Curran
Page 110 and 111:
Dun O., "Migration and Displacement
Page 112 and 113:
Académica de Relaciones Internacio
Page 114 and 115:
Hammer T., "Desertification and Mig
Page 116 and 117:
41, no. 5, 1998, pp. 449-472.Hugo G
Page 118 and 119:
International Environmental Law Rev
Page 120 and 121:
Leimgruber W., "Values, Migration,
Page 122 and 123:
Journal of Trauma and Emergency Sur
Page 124 and 125:
Millar I., "There's No Place Like H
Page 126 and 127:
Mouat D., "Desertification and soci
Page 128 and 129:
Ollitrault S., "De la sauvegarde de
Page 130 and 131:
Piantoni F., "Les recompositions te
Page 132 and 133:
Risse M., "The Right to Relocation:
Page 134 and 135:
October 15-19 2008, La Valetta, pp.
Page 136 and 137:
Thomas D.S.G., Twyman C., "Equity a
Page 138 and 139:
Webb A.P., Kench P.S., "The dynamic
Page 140 and 141:
Practicing Anthropology, vol. 13, n
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Studies Centre, 2008.Boland S., Dol
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Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Coop
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Flintan F., "Environmental Refugees
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Workshop on Migration and the Envir
Page 150 and 151:
65.Leighton Schwartz M., Hanson H.,
Page 152 and 153:
Paper), Refugee Studies Centre Oxfo
Page 154 and 155:
Oliver-Smith A. (ed.), Vulnerabilit
Page 156 and 157:
Siyaranamual M.D., Constructing the
Page 158 and 159:
Yenotani, M., Displacement due to N
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