Bogumil Terminski Environmentally-Induced Displacement ... - Cedem

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TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction ................................................................................................................................51. Environmentally-Induced Displacement: A New Challenge for the International Community.......................................................................................................................................101.1 Case Study: Rising Sea Levels – the Situation of the Maldives Archipelago Population. .502. The Most Common Causes of Environmentally-Induced Displacement..............................552.1 The Types of Natural Disasters...........................................................................................582.2 The Most Common Causes of Environmentally-Induced Displacement............................603. Comments and Bibliographical Notes .................................................................................724. Bibliography..........................................................................................................................804.1 Books .................................................................................................................................804.2 Chapters in Books...............................................................................................................864.3 Articles, Book Reviews.......................................................................................................974.4 Reports, Analysis, Working Papers, Projects....................................................................1404.5 List of Acronyms...............................................................................................................158
IntroductionThe aim of the presented paper is to demonstrate environmentally-induced displacement as anincreasingly important category of population movement that represents a new set ofchallenges to the international community and to public international law as well 1 . There arethree basic objectives that this work intends to achieve: 1) to argue in favour of distinguishingenvironmentally-induced displacement from the broader category of migratory movementsand thereby making it a fully autonomous concept within the existing taxonomies, 2) toillustrate the diversity and inconsistency of environmentally displaced people (EDPs)theoretical concept, 3) to provide references to earlier theoretical achievements in thisparticular field of study. For these purposes, the paper tries to capture both the phenomenon ofenvironmental displacement itself, and the problems of people affected by its consequences.Apart from theoretical considerations, it also examines which main factors force people toabandon their homes. Both long-term environmental hazards and short-lived natural disastersare investigated here, and it is shown how they entail significant implications for thedynamics of population mobility.The social consequences of the environmental processes under scrutiny are one of the greatestchallenges the international community will face in the coming years. Today, the effects oflong-standing environmental changes seem obvious to many citizens of our planet.Desertification, increasing soil salinity, wasteful deforestation, and rising sea levels are just afew of the issues discussed below which influence everyday life for at least two hundredmillion people worldwide.A particularly important problem is the lack of access to safe drinking water. According toWHO estimates, over 1,3 billion inhabitants of our globe currently do not have access topotable water. More than 2,2 million people in developing countries (most of them children)die each year from diseases associated with water shortage, poor hygiene and inadequatesanitation. According to the United Nations Development Report (2006) nearly half of the1The author wishes to thank Marcin Zgiep and Jennifer Sheppard for their invaluable assistance andcomments.
Page 6 and 7: whole population in developing coun
Page 10: PART ONE:ENVIRONMENTALLY-INDUCED DI
Page 16: climate change 19 . As noticed by M
Page 19 and 20: (catastrophes) as one of the prereq
Page 21 and 22: esidence refers to the environmenta
Page 23 and 24: early 20th century. Of particular i
Page 25 and 26: According to Graeme Hugo, environme
Page 27 and 28: Climate Change uses the term “for
Page 31 and 32: In 1988, Jodi Jacobson from Worldwa
Page 33 and 34: According to Norman Myers, environm
Page 35 and 36: Some authors linked the phenomenon
Page 37 and 38: of the problem is to adopt a conven
Page 39 and 40: to detach the general category of e
Page 41 and 42: and “environmental refugees”),
Page 43 and 44: etween two categories of resettleme
Page 45 and 46: nearly a million victims) 85 .Reaso
Page 47 and 48: areas of Africa (e.g. Sudan, Chad,
Page 49 and 50: disasters. Every year, floods lead
Page 51 and 52: damage to the country’s most impo
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international organisations for sev
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PART TWO:THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OFE
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OECD General Typology of Natural Di
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The Classification of TheCauses of
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(with a coast equal to or lower tha
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continues to be a major problem fac
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killed), Gujarat in India in 2001 (
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take diverse in nature. Very often
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the hurricane (368,000 were displac
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that irreversible consequences of f
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areas of the world continue to cons
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Studies undertaken on that issue, o
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the author) is thus of a brief char
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Middle East, and North and Central
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London, 2000.Cubides F., Domínguez
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Measures of Equalization?, Grinn Ve
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Werner D. (ed.), Biological resourc
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Springer, Berlin, 2003, pp. 35-145.
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Enarson E., "A Gendered Human Right
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Faso & Presses universitaires de Ou
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Institute of Policy Studies, School
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San Marco P., “Migrations transsa
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for the world economy, Edward Elgar
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Aung T., Singh A., Prasad A., "Sea
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1989, pp. 73-75.Black R., "Fifty Ye
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2006, pp. 247-252.Byravan S., Rajan
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Chinedu U.O., "Internal displacemen
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vol. 20), 2004, pp. 201-229.Curran
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Dun O., "Migration and Displacement
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Académica de Relaciones Internacio
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Hammer T., "Desertification and Mig
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41, no. 5, 1998, pp. 449-472.Hugo G
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International Environmental Law Rev
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Leimgruber W., "Values, Migration,
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Journal of Trauma and Emergency Sur
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Millar I., "There's No Place Like H
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Mouat D., "Desertification and soci
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Ollitrault S., "De la sauvegarde de
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Piantoni F., "Les recompositions te
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Risse M., "The Right to Relocation:
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October 15-19 2008, La Valetta, pp.
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Thomas D.S.G., Twyman C., "Equity a
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Webb A.P., Kench P.S., "The dynamic
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Practicing Anthropology, vol. 13, n
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Studies Centre, 2008.Boland S., Dol
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Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Coop
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Flintan F., "Environmental Refugees
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Workshop on Migration and the Envir
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65.Leighton Schwartz M., Hanson H.,
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Paper), Refugee Studies Centre Oxfo
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Oliver-Smith A. (ed.), Vulnerabilit
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Siyaranamual M.D., Constructing the
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Yenotani, M., Displacement due to N
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