PART THREE:COMMENTS AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTESThe aim of the following part of the work is a bibliographic review of literature on the impactof environmental changes upon the various forms of displacement. Of course, thebibliographic summary developed by the present author is by no means exhaustive. However,according to the conception presented in the preface, it does reflect the most representativeand significant directions of research over the past few decades in the field of environmentaldeterminants of internal displacement. The intensification of scientific discourse in this fieldobserved in recent years means that even a brief and cursory attempt to provide a full pictureof the current research is extremely difficult, if not impossible. Let us remember thatenvironmental motivations are, in addition to economic and political factors, one of the keydeterminants of decisions about place of residence. These factors constituted (and in some
areas of the world continue to constitute) a decisive determination of human spatial mobility.The currently observed consequences of long-term environmental hazards or catastrophicnatural disasters have become, in recent years, one of the largest global social problems andpose a key challenge for the international community. Therefore, the number of scientificstudies in this area will certainly increase significantly.The 1980s generally mark the beginning of the currently observed shape of research onenvironmentally-induced displacement. Works published at that time by El Hinnawi,Jacobson, and Tickell (and, a bit later, works by Myers, Westing, and Suhrke) affected theshape of the research carried out in that field over the last two decades to a decisive extent.We should, however, remember that the issue of environmental factors of displacement isdifficult to limit to considerations of definitions and theory. Extensive theoretical studies are,rather, an attempt to synthesize and conceptualize the previously observed processes, as wellas to anticipate hazards likely to affect us in the future. (The case of Tuvalu seems aparticularly apt example.) We should also bear in mind that a lot of research on environmentaldeterminants of displacement (e.g. the process of land degradation and desertification) hasbeen carried out decades earlier, in the sixties and even the thirties of the last century (DustBowl).Empirical studies must form an equally important component in our research, constituting abasis for analyzing a variety of consequences of natural disasters or lasting changes within thenatural environment. “Global warming” – and the resulting changes in ocean levels – appearto represent just a portion of some highly diverse studies on the social consequences of longtimeenvironmental disruptions. Currently, we are also researching many other processesaffecting the dynamics of internal displacement. We can include among these, for instance,the rising salinity of groundwater, desertification, and soil erosion. The negative impacts ofthese processes on the functioning of individuals (such as poverty, famine, difficult access todrinking water, increased incidence of certain diseases, the problem of child mortality, etc.)are now, for many millions of people around the world, a key factor in the decision to changeresidence.
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TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction .....
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whole population in developing coun
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PART ONE:ENVIRONMENTALLY-INDUCED DI
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climate change 19 . As noticed by M
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(catastrophes) as one of the prereq
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- Page 33 and 34: According to Norman Myers, environm
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- Page 43 and 44: etween two categories of resettleme
- Page 45 and 46: nearly a million victims) 85 .Reaso
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- Page 57 and 58: OECD General Typology of Natural Di
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- Page 63 and 64: continues to be a major problem fac
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- Page 67 and 68: take diverse in nature. Very often
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- Page 82 and 83: London, 2000.Cubides F., Domínguez
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- Page 88 and 89: Springer, Berlin, 2003, pp. 35-145.
- Page 90 and 91: Enarson E., "A Gendered Human Right
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- Page 108 and 109: vol. 20), 2004, pp. 201-229.Curran
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- Page 116 and 117: 41, no. 5, 1998, pp. 449-472.Hugo G
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Journal of Trauma and Emergency Sur
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Millar I., "There's No Place Like H
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Mouat D., "Desertification and soci
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Ollitrault S., "De la sauvegarde de
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Piantoni F., "Les recompositions te
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Risse M., "The Right to Relocation:
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October 15-19 2008, La Valetta, pp.
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Thomas D.S.G., Twyman C., "Equity a
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Webb A.P., Kench P.S., "The dynamic
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Practicing Anthropology, vol. 13, n
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Studies Centre, 2008.Boland S., Dol
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Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Coop
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Flintan F., "Environmental Refugees
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Workshop on Migration and the Envir
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65.Leighton Schwartz M., Hanson H.,
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Paper), Refugee Studies Centre Oxfo
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Oliver-Smith A. (ed.), Vulnerabilit
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Siyaranamual M.D., Constructing the
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Yenotani, M., Displacement due to N