Bogumil Terminski Environmentally-Induced Displacement ... - Cedem

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Droughts: The problem of drought in many regions of the world seems to beparticularly associated with the process of desertification. We can definedrought as an extended period of months or years when a region notes adeficiency in its water supply. Generally, this occurs when a region receivesconsistently below average precipitation. The so called Sahelian-drought, thatbegan in 1986 took place in sub-Saharan Africa was responsible for deaths ofbetween 100,000 and 250,000 of the region’s inhabitants. The dry period inSahelian Region was accentuated by two severe droughts in the early 1970sand 1980s. It is estimated that Sahel drought killed some 100,000 people anddisplaced millions in that time. A direct consequence of the drought-inducedfamine was also a large scale of internal displacement and at least 0.5 millionrefugees in the region. A 2011 drought in East Africa was described as “theworst in 60 years”.Earthquakes: Earthquakes are another type of natural disaster that bringsabout specific consequences in countries with a high population density rate.Given the currently observed phenomenon seems reasonable to distinguishtwo categories of natural disasters caused by earthquakes: 1. displacement as aresult of direct action of earthquake (for example the consequences of the2003 Bam earthquake in Iran) and 2. displacement caused by earthquakeinduced tsunami wave (mainly characteristic for coastal areas).<strong>Environmentally</strong>-induced displacement associated with the increasinglyfrequent after 2004 tsunami will be discussed in another part of the presentstudy.Particularly at risk the consequences of grand earthquakes seems now highlypopulated Asian countries (China, India and Japan). Another area of frequentoccurrence of earthquakes is also South America (especially the areas of Chileand Peru) and a pool of the Caribbean Sea. The largest earthquakes in recentyears have been (not including earthquake induced tsunami waves):earthquake in Haiti in 2010 (over 227,000 people killed), Sichuan Province inChina in 2008 (over 87,000 dead), earthquake in Bam (Iran) in 2003 (31,000
killed), Gujarat in India in 2001 (21,000 killed).ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PEOPLE DISPLACED AS A RESULT OF THE BIGGEST EARTHQUAKES IN RECENT YEARS (NOTINCLUDING EARTHQUAKE GENERATED TSUNAMIS):Year Earthquake/Country Number DisplacedMay 1960 Valvidia, Chile 2 million (displaced)December 1988 Spitak, Armenia 100,000 (displaced)May 2003 Northern Algeria, Algeria 180,000 (homeless)December 2003 Bam, Iran 45-75,000 (displaced?)August 2005 Pakistan 4 million (homeless)October 2005 Kashmir, Pakistan 3.5 million (displaced)May 2006 Indonesia 600,000 displacedMay 2008 East Sichuan, China 15 million (evacuated)October 2008 Baluchistan Province, Pakistan 215,000 (displaced)July 2009 Yunnan Province, China 250-450,000 (displaced)September 2009 Southern Sumatra, Indonesia 451,000 displacedJanuary 2010 Haiti Region 1.3 million displacedFebruary 2010Chile1.5-2 million displaced(estimated?)The presented list does not take into account tsunami waves resulting from earthquakes. The above figures areestimates only.Earthquake generated tsunamis: Caused by the tsunami wave huge disastersshow us numerous threats of coastal states. Tsunami wave is generated byunderwater earthquakes. However, tsunami takes the radically different naturethan the ordinary earthquake. Thus it seems reasonable to distinguish thetsunamis as a separated category of natural disasters. The 2004 Indian Oceanearthquake and resulting tsunami affected many countries in Southeast Asiaand beyond, including Sri Lanka, Indonesia, India, Thailand, the Maldives,Somalia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Seychelles and others.
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TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction .....
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whole population in developing coun
Page 10:
PART ONE:ENVIRONMENTALLY-INDUCED DI
Page 16: climate change 19 . As noticed by M
Page 19 and 20: (catastrophes) as one of the prereq
Page 21 and 22: esidence refers to the environmenta
Page 23 and 24: early 20th century. Of particular i
Page 25 and 26: According to Graeme Hugo, environme
Page 27 and 28: Climate Change uses the term “for
Page 31 and 32: In 1988, Jodi Jacobson from Worldwa
Page 33 and 34: According to Norman Myers, environm
Page 35 and 36: Some authors linked the phenomenon
Page 37 and 38: of the problem is to adopt a conven
Page 39 and 40: to detach the general category of e
Page 41 and 42: and “environmental refugees”),
Page 43 and 44: etween two categories of resettleme
Page 45 and 46: nearly a million victims) 85 .Reaso
Page 47 and 48: areas of Africa (e.g. Sudan, Chad,
Page 49 and 50: disasters. Every year, floods lead
Page 51 and 52: damage to the country’s most impo
Page 53 and 54: international organisations for sev
Page 55 and 56: PART TWO:THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OFE
Page 57 and 58: OECD General Typology of Natural Di
Page 59 and 60: The Classification of TheCauses of
Page 61 and 62: (with a coast equal to or lower tha
Page 63: continues to be a major problem fac
Page 67 and 68: take diverse in nature. Very often
Page 69 and 70: the hurricane (368,000 were displac
Page 71 and 72: that irreversible consequences of f
Page 73 and 74: areas of the world continue to cons
Page 75: Studies undertaken on that issue, o
Page 78 and 79: the author) is thus of a brief char
Page 80 and 81: Middle East, and North and Central
Page 82 and 83: London, 2000.Cubides F., Domínguez
Page 84 and 85: Measures of Equalization?, Grinn Ve
Page 86 and 87: Werner D. (ed.), Biological resourc
Page 88 and 89: Springer, Berlin, 2003, pp. 35-145.
Page 90 and 91: Enarson E., "A Gendered Human Right
Page 92 and 93: Faso & Presses universitaires de Ou
Page 94 and 95: Institute of Policy Studies, School
Page 96 and 97: San Marco P., “Migrations transsa
Page 98 and 99: for the world economy, Edward Elgar
Page 100 and 101: Aung T., Singh A., Prasad A., "Sea
Page 102 and 103: 1989, pp. 73-75.Black R., "Fifty Ye
Page 104 and 105: 2006, pp. 247-252.Byravan S., Rajan
Page 106 and 107: Chinedu U.O., "Internal displacemen
Page 108 and 109: vol. 20), 2004, pp. 201-229.Curran
Page 110 and 111: Dun O., "Migration and Displacement
Page 112 and 113: Académica de Relaciones Internacio
Page 114 and 115:
Hammer T., "Desertification and Mig
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41, no. 5, 1998, pp. 449-472.Hugo G
Page 118 and 119:
International Environmental Law Rev
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Leimgruber W., "Values, Migration,
Page 122 and 123:
Journal of Trauma and Emergency Sur
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Millar I., "There's No Place Like H
Page 126 and 127:
Mouat D., "Desertification and soci
Page 128 and 129:
Ollitrault S., "De la sauvegarde de
Page 130 and 131:
Piantoni F., "Les recompositions te
Page 132 and 133:
Risse M., "The Right to Relocation:
Page 134 and 135:
October 15-19 2008, La Valetta, pp.
Page 136 and 137:
Thomas D.S.G., Twyman C., "Equity a
Page 138 and 139:
Webb A.P., Kench P.S., "The dynamic
Page 140 and 141:
Practicing Anthropology, vol. 13, n
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Studies Centre, 2008.Boland S., Dol
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Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Coop
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Flintan F., "Environmental Refugees
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Workshop on Migration and the Envir
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65.Leighton Schwartz M., Hanson H.,
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Paper), Refugee Studies Centre Oxfo
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Oliver-Smith A. (ed.), Vulnerabilit
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Siyaranamual M.D., Constructing the
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Yenotani, M., Displacement due to N
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Bogumil Terminski Environmentally-Induced Displacement ... - Cedem

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