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RESISTANCE OF THE PAVEMENT TO WATER AND FROST IN THE COLD RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY0/4 mm dolomite aggregate. The addition of cementto the mix was based on the strength tests. It equalled2.0% in relation to its mass. Cement was used toincrease the content of the fraction below 0.075 mmin the recycled material.The designed recycled mineral mix met thegrading criteria for both: the mineral mixes in therecycling technology with foamed bitumen, andfor the M-C-E mixes (Fig. 2); it also complied withrequirements [3] [4].Fig. 2. Grading curves of the mineral mix for theproduction of pavements in the recycling technologywith foamed bitumen and bitumen emulsionThe laboratory tests were performed on two kindsof mineral – bitumen mixes. In the first kind ofthe mineral – bitumen mix foamed bitumen fromthe Nyfoam 80 bitumen with a 2.0% addition ofwater (M-C-AS) was used. Its choice was basedon the analysis of the preliminary test results.In the other mix (M-C-E) cationic slow – curingbitumen emulsion K3-60 was used. The foamedbitumen content was 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0% (m/m).In order to properly compare the recycled pavementmix, the same amount of bitumen binder (bitumenprecipitated from bitumen emulsion) as in thefoamed bitumen mixes was used. However, due tothe fact that measurements were conducted for K3-60 bitumen emulsion (whose bitumen content inemulsion was 60%), emulsion was added accordingto the technical guidelines [4]. The percentage ofthe added emulsion was: 3.4%, 4.2% and 5.0%.That resulted in bitumen content of 2.0%, 2.5% and3.0%, respectively.2.3. Methodology and analysis of the test resultsThe aim of this investigation was to determinethe impact of foamed bitumen on the mechanicalproperties of pavement made with the deep coldrecycling technology (M-C-AS); also to determineits water and frost resistance. Reference testswere made for the recycled mix in which bitumenemulsion (M-C-E) was used.The experiment was carried out in two stages. Thefirst stage was focused on the basic physical andmechanical properties with considering the kind ofbinder used. In the second one the water and frostresistance of the pavement was determined.It was important to assess the homogeneity ofthe conducted experiment. The measurements weretaken only for samples with void fraction contentranged between (V – 2s ; V + 2s), where V – meanvoid fraction content in the pavement, s – standarddeviation. The tests were performed on series of9 samples. The presented results are the mean values.For the designed mixes the basic physical andmechanical properties were determined. Thatincluded: stability against deformation, Marshallstiffness, indirect tensile strength, void fractioncontent and static creep modulus.The results of the laboratory tests for both mixesare presented in Figure 3. The description is asfollows: Marshall stability (S), deformation (E) andstiffness (Sz), indirect tensile strength (ITS), voidfraction content (Wp) and static creep modulus(MS) depending on the kind of bitumen binder.The increase in the binder content (foamedbitumen and bitumen emulsion) led to an increase inindirect tensile strength. The use of foamed bitumenresulted in about 10% rise in indirect tensile strengthas compared to binder in which bitumen emulsionwas used.The stability of the recycled pavement and foamedbitumen content is different. An increase in foamedbitumen content to 2.5% resulted in an increase instability. However, the application of more bitumenled to a decrease in stability. In the case of bitumenemulsion pavement stability decreased when morebinder was used. The pavement stability was highestfor the foamed bitumen content of 2.5%; and higherthan in the case of 2% bitumen emulsion content.11
Marek Iwański, Anna Chomicz-Kowalskaa)e)b)c)d)f)Fig. 3. Physical and mechanical properties of the recycledpavement mixes are depending on the kind of bitumenbinder: a) Marshall stability, b) Marshall deformation,c) Marshall stiffness, d) indirect tensile strength,e) void fraction content, f) static creep modulusThe pavement with foamed bitumen has lowerMarshall deformations as compared to pavementwith bitumen emulsion. At the same time its moreresistant to plastic deformations under the traffic load.It is also confirmed with the analysis of Marshallstiffness of the pavement with foamed bitumen. TheMarshall stiffness values from the tests prove that theapplication of this kind of bitumen binder enables toobtain the pavement structure which is more resistant.Marshall stiffness for the foamed bitumen content of2.5% was 5.33 kN/mm in comparison to the highestvalue of 2.53 kN/mm for the 2.0% content of bitumenfrom bitumen emulsion.These pavements have higher values of the staticcreep than bitumen emulsion. The values of thestatic creep decrease as more bitumen binder is used,regardless of its kind. The static creep does not quitedepend on binder. Decreasing this concentration ledto a significant increase in the values of the staticcreep as opposed to the case when bitumen emulsionwas used.12
Page 3: EDITORIAL BOARDMain Editor Jerzy Z.
Page 14: RESISTANCE OF THE PAVEMENT TO WATER
Page 19 and 20: RENÁTA BAŠKOVÁTechnical Universi
Page 21 and 22: Renáta Bašková, Ryszard Dachowsk
Page 23 and 24: Renáta Bašková, Ryszard Dachowsk
Page 25 and 26: MAREK IWAŃSKIGRZEGORZ MAZUREKKielc
Page 27 and 28: Marek Iwański, Grzegorz MazurekIt
Page 29 and 30: Marek Iwański, Grzegorz MazurekThe
Page 31 and 32: Marek Iwański, Grzegorz MazurekMar
Page 33 and 34: M.V. NEMCHINOVA.S. MEN´’SHOVMosc
Page 35 and 36: M. V. Nemchinov, A. S. Men’shovgr
Page 37 and 38: M. V. Nemchinov, A. S. Men’shovFi
Page 42 and 43: ŁUKASZ J. ORMANKielce University o
Page 44 and 45: POSSIBILITY OF THE APPLICATION OF M
Page 46 and 47: POSSIBILITY OF THE APPLICATION OF M
Page 48 and 49: MICROCLIMATE IN A FLAT WITH ADDITIO
Page 54 and 55: JOLANTA LATOSIŃSKAKielce Universit
Page 56 and 57: THE ASPECT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN M
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Page 60 and 61: EWA ZENDER-ŚWIERCZJERZY ZBIGNIEW P
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