130 | <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>social</strong> <strong>transparency</strong> <strong>under</strong> <strong>the</strong> Companies Act 2006Annex 5: Regulatory implementation <strong>and</strong> compliance: <strong>the</strong> FRRP | 131(v) <strong>the</strong> Financial Services <strong>and</strong> Markets Act 2000 (c. 8);(d) for <strong>the</strong> purpose of enabling or assisting <strong>the</strong> Department of Enterprise, Trade<strong>and</strong> Investment for Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Irel<strong>and</strong> to exercise any powers conferred onit by <strong>the</strong> enactments relating to companies, directors’ disqualification orinsolvency;(e) for <strong>the</strong> purpose of enabling or assisting <strong>the</strong> Bank of Engl<strong>and</strong> to exercise itsfunctions;(f) for <strong>the</strong> purpose of enabling or assisting <strong>the</strong> Commissioners for Her Majesty’sRevenue <strong>and</strong> Customs to exercise <strong>the</strong>ir functions;(g) for <strong>the</strong> purpose of enabling or assisting <strong>the</strong> Financial Services Authority toexercise its functions <strong>under</strong> any of <strong>the</strong> following—(i) <strong>the</strong> legislation relating to friendly societies or to industrial <strong>and</strong>provident societies,(ii) <strong>the</strong> Building Societies Act 1986 (c. 53),(iii) Part 7 of <strong>the</strong> Companies Act 1989 (c. 40),(iv) <strong>the</strong> Financial Services <strong>and</strong> Markets Act 2000; or(h) in pursuance of any Community obligation.(5) It does not apply to disclosure to a body exercising functions of a public nature<strong>under</strong> legislation in any country or territory outside <strong>the</strong> United Kingdom thatappear to <strong>the</strong> authorised person to be similar to his functions <strong>under</strong> section 456for <strong>the</strong> purpose of enabling or assisting that body to exercise those functions.(6) In determining whe<strong>the</strong>r to disclose information to a body in accordance withsubsection (5), <strong>the</strong> authorised person must have regard to <strong>the</strong> following considerations—(a) whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> use which <strong>the</strong> body is likely to make of <strong>the</strong> information issufficiently important to justify making <strong>the</strong> disclosure;(b) whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> body has adequate arrangements to prevent <strong>the</strong> informationfrom being used or fur<strong>the</strong>r disclosed o<strong>the</strong>r than—(i) for <strong>the</strong> purposes of carrying out <strong>the</strong> functions mentioned in thatsubsection, or(ii) for o<strong>the</strong>r purposes substantially similar to those for which informationdisclosed to <strong>the</strong> authorised person could be used or fur<strong>the</strong>rdisclosed.(7) Nothing in this section authorises <strong>the</strong> making of a disclosure in contravention of<strong>the</strong> Data Protection Act 1998 (c. 29).Under <strong>the</strong> Companies Act 2006, information obtained by <strong>the</strong> FRRP bycourt order cannot be disclosed if it relates to <strong>the</strong> ‘private affairs’ of anindividual or ‘any particular business’, unless consent is given. However,certain exceptions apply. Most importantly, <strong>the</strong> prohibition on disclosuredoes not apply if disclosure is to facilitate <strong>the</strong> carrying out of <strong>the</strong> FRRP’spurposes. Nor does it apply if <strong>the</strong> information is or has already been availableto <strong>the</strong> public from ano<strong>the</strong>r source.maintained that this is essential to ensure co-operation from <strong>the</strong> companieswhose accounts it is reviewing. 324The FRRP’s policy is nei<strong>the</strong>r to confirm nor deny that it is enquiring into,or has ever enquired into, a particular report, unless <strong>the</strong> Chairman agreeswith <strong>the</strong> Chairman of <strong>the</strong> FRC that such a statement would be in <strong>the</strong> ‘publicinterest’.Where <strong>the</strong> directors agree to take remedial action, <strong>the</strong> FRRP will issue apress notice, but will not comment on or discuss its conclusions fur<strong>the</strong>rin public. 325A.5.5.2 Engagement with complainantsIf a complaint is made by a member of <strong>the</strong> public, press or City, but noaction is taken by <strong>the</strong> FRRP, it will explain in a letter to <strong>the</strong> complainantwhy it has decided to take no fur<strong>the</strong>r action, but will not enter into anyfur<strong>the</strong>r discussion about <strong>the</strong> decision. 326 It justifies this by saying that anycomplaint ‘will have been carefully considered’. 327Where <strong>the</strong> directors agree to take remedial action, <strong>the</strong> FRRP will issue aninitial statement to <strong>the</strong> complainant, but will not comment on or discussits conclusions fur<strong>the</strong>r in private with <strong>the</strong>m.A.5.6A.5.6.1AccountabilityTo <strong>the</strong> FRC / BISCompanies Act 2006Financial Reporting CouncilOperating bodiesSupervisory function for company annual accounts<strong>and</strong> directors’ reportSecretary of State (BIS)Authorisation to share supervisoryfunctionHowever, <strong>the</strong> FRRP reportedly takes confidentiality beyond legal requirements,<strong>and</strong> treats all information that it obtains as confidential. It hasAccounting St<strong>and</strong>ards Board<strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r operating bodiesFinancial ReportingReview Panel
132 | <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>social</strong> <strong>transparency</strong> <strong>under</strong> <strong>the</strong> Companies Act 2006Annex 6: UK law governing company AGMs | 133Annex 6:A.5.6.2 Judicial reviewhibiting order, quashing order or injunction. 332 A.6.5.1 Information to be made available on a websiteAs a body performing public duties <strong>and</strong> functions, <strong>the</strong> FRRP could potentiallybe subject to judicial review, 328 regarding measures, actions or omissionsit takes in relation to its powers <strong>and</strong> authority.UK law governing company AGMsA.6.1 Requirement to hold an AGM 135Body performing public duties or functionsA.6.2 Discussion of environmental <strong>and</strong> <strong>social</strong> matters at company 135AGMsA claim for judicial review may be brought against any person or bodyA.6.2.1 Annual Reportingperforming public duties or functions. 329 A.6.2.2 ResolutionsPersons exercising powers orA.6.2.3 Matters in <strong>the</strong> business to be dealt with at <strong>the</strong> AGMperforming duties deriving from statute are generally seen as public bodiesA.6.2.4 Questionsfor <strong>the</strong>se purposes, 330 <strong>and</strong> omissions done in <strong>the</strong> exercise of <strong>the</strong>ir statu-tory functions are generally amenable to judicial review.A.6.3 Rights of attendance at company AGMs 140A.6.3.1 Members of <strong>the</strong> companyReview of a decision, action, or failure to actA.6.3.2 Proxies appointed by a memberJudicial review can apply, <strong>under</strong> Rule 54.1(2)(a) Civil Procedure Rules, toA.6.3.3 Representatives of corporationsA.6.3.4 The media‘a decision, action or failure to act in relation to <strong>the</strong> exercise of a publicA.6.3.5 Guestsfunction’. The courts have taken a broad view of measures that may besubject to judicial review. 331A.6.4 Proxy rights at company AGMs 142A.6.4.1 To attend, speak <strong>and</strong> voteRemediesA.6.4.2 Relating to resolutionsA court may issue a range of remedies, including a m<strong>and</strong>atory order, pro-A.6.5 Transparency requirements for company AGMs 143A.6.5.2 Meeting transcriptsA.6.5.3 Media coverageWithin public listed companies, <strong>the</strong> primary executive bodies are (i) <strong>the</strong>board of directors <strong>and</strong> (ii) its members 333 acting in general meeting. 334 Thedirectors conduct <strong>the</strong> day-to-day business of a company. They do so onbehalf of, <strong>and</strong> in <strong>the</strong> interests of, <strong>the</strong> shareholders, who have invested <strong>the</strong>ircapital in <strong>the</strong> company. One of <strong>the</strong> main ways that shareholders exercisecontrol over <strong>the</strong>ir investment is through votes, actions <strong>and</strong> discussionsat general meetings. 335 Accordingly, <strong>the</strong> law which governs shareholders’meetings has sometimes been called <strong>the</strong> ‘machinery of corporate democracy’,<strong>and</strong> Annual General Meetings (‘AGMs’) are generally regarded as<strong>the</strong> key mechanism for promoting <strong>transparency</strong> <strong>and</strong> accountability in <strong>the</strong>management of <strong>the</strong> company’s affairs. 336