Climate change futures: health, ecological and economic dimensions

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of carbon-risk hedging products, such as derivatives,and promote secondary markets in carbon securities.Carbon trading can potentially become a separaterevenue stream for carbon producers, energy-efficientcompanies and poor nations, and open the door tocarbon-offsetting products that may become growthindustries in a carbon-constrained future.Scientists can model early warning systems to help thepublic and industry reduce anticipated damages. Withthe proper incentive and reward structure, researcherscan focus their ingenuity on the collaborative developmentof climate-friendly technologies. Governmentsand international bodies have central roles to play instimulating public/private partnerships and in carryingout an expanded program of basic and appliedresearch to make alternative and energy-efficient technologieseffective and inexpensive.PLANNING AHEADClimate may change in gradual and manageableways. But it may also bring major surprises. The goodnews is that unstable systems can be restabilized.Planning is needed to prepare for future catastrophicevents and the “inevitable surprises” that climatechange will bring (NAS 2002). We must be preparedto respond rapidly to such events to limit the damagesand minimize the casualties. And we must also prepareto put in place financial mechanisms to implementlarge-scale solutions that can restabilize the climate.At some points in history, efforts havebeen made to deliberately manage thegoals and key drivers of development.The Berlin Conference of 1884 wassuch a moment, but the divisive agreementsset nations apart and seeded subsequentconflict. Another point came in1944, when world leaders convened aconference in Bretton Woods, NH, andestablished a world order with muchmore positive outcomes (see sidebar onPage 110).A properly financed transition outof the fossil fuel era can have enormouspublic health, environmental andeconomic benefits, and can lay thebasis for far greater international securityand global stability. The challengeof climate change presents an opportunityto build a clean and healthyengine of growth for the 21st century.111 | FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS
112 | APPENDICESAppendix A. Summary Table of Extreme Weather Events and Impacts
Page 1 and 2:
Climate Change FuturesHealth, Ecolo
Page 4 and 5:
Table of ContentsIntroductionPart I
Page 6 and 7:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYClimate is the con
Page 8 and 9:
the past decade, an increasing prop
Page 10 and 11:
THE CASE STUDIES IN BRIEFInfectious
Page 12 and 13:
THE INSURER’S OVERVIEW:A UNIQUE P
Page 14:
Regulators and governments can empl
Page 17 and 18:
THE PROBLEM:CLIMATE IS CHANGING, FA
Page 19 and 20:
Figure 1.3 GreenlandEXTREMESOne of
Page 21 and 22:
20 | THE CLIMATE CONTEXT TODAYWholl
Page 23 and 24:
Figure 1.5 Global Weather-Related L
Page 25 and 26:
Climate signals in rising costs fro
Page 27 and 28:
CLIMATE CHANGE CANOCCUR ABRUPTLYPer
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28 | THE CLIMATE CONTEXT TODAYCCF-I
Page 31 and 32:
communities, salinizing ground wate
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Health is the final common pathway
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34 | INFECTIOUS AND RESPIRATORY DIS
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Figure 2.4 Malaria and Floods in Mo
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Figure 2.61920-1980CASE STUDIES38 |
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A MALARIA SUCCESSThe New York Times
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A new flavivirus, Usutu, akin to WN
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44 | INFECTIOUS AND RESPIRATORY DIS
Page 47 and 48:
One analysis (Vanderhoof and Vander
Page 49 and 50:
BIODIVERSITYBUFFERS AGAINSTTHE SPRE
Page 51 and 52:
Figure 2.15 RagweedMOLDSLong-term f
Page 53 and 54:
ASTHMA COSTSTODAYexamples, the Afri
Page 55 and 56:
Stott et al. (2004) calculate that
Page 57 and 58:
In the summer of 2005, northern Spa
Page 59 and 60:
a better understanding of subpopula
Page 61 and 62: 60 | EXTREME WEATHER EVENTSFLOODSFO
Page 63 and 64: MOSQUITO- AND SOIL-BORNE DISEASESEC
Page 65 and 66: Table 2.2 Direct and Indirect Healt
Page 67 and 68: HEALTH AND ECOLOGICALIMPLICATIONSOu
Page 69 and 70: 68 | NATURAL AND MANAGED SYSTEMSCAS
Page 71 and 72: Figure 2.27 Soybean Sudden Death Sy
Page 79 and 80: 78 | NATURAL AND MANAGED SYSTEMSTHE
Page 81 and 82: HARMFUL ALGALBLOOMSFigure 2.32 Red
Page 85 and 86: CASE STUDIES 84 | NATURAL AND MANAG
Page 93 and 94: “Climate change is one of the wor
Page 95 and 96: 94 | FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS• Incr
Page 97 and 98: Extreme weather events are a partic
Page 99 and 100: 98 | FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONSTable 3.
Page 101 and 102: 100 | FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONSdemand
Page 103 and 104: 102 | FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONSClimate
Page 105 and 106: These include:Solar Photovoltaic Pa
Page 107 and 108: • Social and economic factors in
Page 109 and 110: Finally, new technologies need to b
Page 111: 110 | FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONSBRETTON
Page 116 and 117: Table B.1 Summer Percentage Frequen
Page 118 and 119: Climate sensitivity for small-scale
Page 120 and 121: diffuse and do not manifest in sing
Page 122 and 123: APPENDIX D.LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ATT
Page 124: Carmenza RobledoGruppe OekologieEMP
Page 127 and 128: 126 | BIBLIOGRAPHYBibliographyAAAAI
Page 129 and 130: 128 | BIBLIOGRAPHYChordas, L. Epide
Page 131 and 132: Ford, S.E. & Tripp, M.R. Diseases a
Page 133 and 134: 132 | BIBLIOGRAPHYKalkstein, L. S.,
Page 135 and 136: 134 | BIBLIOGRAPHYMills, E. The ins
Page 137 and 138: 136 | BIBLIOGRAPHYRose, J. B., Epst
Page 139 and 140: 138 | BIBLIOGRAPHYVandyk, J. K., Ba
Page 142: Infectious and Respiratory Diseases
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