4. Posudzovanie zdravotného stavu a genetika / Health screening and genetics________________________________________________________________________________________Causes of death of <strong>lynx</strong> in Switzerland are oftenof non-infectious origin, especially traffic accidents(Ryser-Degiorgis 2009b). However, infectiousdiseases are regularly recorded and are likely to beunder-represented in the investigated material.These infections include sarcoptic mange (Fig. 3),bacterial infections following traumatic injuriessuch as bites or gunshot wounds and, lessfrequently, viral diseases such as canine distemper.Diseases of non-infectious origin also includecongenital malformations, mainly diagnosed in<strong>lynx</strong> orphans. Furthermore, histological heartlesions consisting of arteriosclerosis and myocardfibrosis have been regularly observed, mostly withunclear relevance to the health status of theanimal, but in some cases also as the cause of heartfailure and death. The occurrence of moderate tosevere lesions has been recorded mainly in adultmales from the Alpine <strong>lynx</strong> population, and agenetic origin of these lesions is suspected.Results of <strong>lynx</strong> health surveillance inSwitzerland have underlined the usefulness of asample archive. Such a collection allows theinvestigation of a large number of samplescollected over a long period of time once newquestions arise. This is highly valuable toinvestigate the emerging character of apparently“new” diseases or infectious agents and to assessthe emergence of inbreeding depression. Detailedrecords of captures and anaesthesia procedureshave also contributed to the improvement ofcapture methods and preventive measures aimedat decreasing the risks of capture. For example, therisk of hypothermia has to be taken seriously inwinter, and the risk of hyperthermia needs to beconsidered during transport.From a strategic viewpoint, three componentsof health surveillance seem to be particularlyimportant: 1) long-term data and samplecollection; 2) a combination of several approaches(clinical examinations, pathology, laboratory tests,health observations from photo-trapping;examination of marked animals and of those foundby chance; examination of diseased and “healthy”animals such as victims of traffic accidents, whichcan be used as controls); 3) harmonization of datacollection over time and between study areas (tobe able to compare data). For the <strong>lynx</strong> populationin Slovakia, representing a previous and futuresource for reintroductions, it would be particularlyimportant to be able to carry out comparisonsbetween populations in the future, for exampleconcerning the potential emergence of inbreedingdepression in reintroduced populations, such asthe heart lesions observed in <strong>lynx</strong> in Switzerland.From a methodical point of view, too, a numberof points need to be considered: 1) For successfulcarcass collection, it is often necessary to makecompromises between the submitters’ needs andresearch needs (e.g. submission of carcasseswithout skin and head), to minimize the costs andeffort required from the submitters, and to givethem feedback; 2) for efficient data collection, it isimportant: to use standardized protocols anddatasheets; to keep detailed records of allinvestigations (necropsies, clinical examinations,anaesthesia); to organize a document archive andsample archive; and to use an electronic database;3) for obtaining a broad spectrum of information,it is essential to collaborate with differentspecialists in laboratories and in the field.Finally, once a certain amount of data has beencollected, it is essential to perform data analysesand adapt protocols as appropriate. Overall, theaim is to carry out adaptive management based onscientific data (Fig. 4).To facilitate the implementation of a <strong>lynx</strong> healthsurveillance program in Slovakia, protocols havebeen proposed (see Appendices) anddemonstrations of necropsies, data and samplecollection have been performed. Furthermore,several recommendations have been formulated.The next steps to be achieved include: theorganization/promotion of carcass collection,including <strong>lynx</strong> killed in traffic accidents; thedevelopment/adaptation of protocols anddatasheets; the setting up of necropsy procedures;the establishment of a database and organizationof a document/data archive; the organization of asample archive; the regular organization ofmeetings with goal-setting and deadlines, theformulation of agreements and documentation ofminutes.________________________________________________________________________________________<strong>Monitoring</strong> <strong>Lynx</strong> <strong>lynx</strong> <strong>carpathicus</strong>, Rigg & Kubala (2015) 66
4. Posudzovanie zdravotného stavu a genetika / Health screening and genetics________________________________________________________________________________________Pitvy rysov na Slovensku: nálezy a záveryMARIE-PIERRE RYSER-DEGIORGIS 1 , MIRJAM PEWSNER 1 ,BRANISLAV TÁM 2 , JAKUB KUBALA 3 & ROBIN RIGG 41Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Str. 122, Postfach 8466, CH-3001 Bern, Švajčiarsko; marie-pierre.ryser@vetsuisse.unibe.ch2ZOO Bojnice, Zámok a okolie 6, 97201 Bojnice, SR; b.tam@zoobojnice.sk3Technická univerzita vo Zvolene, Ul. T.G. Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen, SR4Slovak Wildlife Society, P.O. Box 72, 033 01 Liptovský Hrádok, SRV rámci projektu Spolužitie s karpatskými prízrakmisme usporiadali 24.–25.10.2014 medzinárodnýWorkshop pre veterinárov a ďalších odborníkovpod vedením Dr. Ryser-Degiorgis z univerzity vBerne. Program bol rozdelený do teoretických apraktických blokov. Prezentácie od Dr. Ryser-Degiorgis a Dr. M. Belak sa konali v radnici mestaBojnice. Praktický výcvik vrátane pitiev rysa sanalýzou a hodnotením zdravotných problémovjednotlivých zvierat sa konala na veterinárnejklinike ZOO Bojnice. Účastníci si tiež prehliadlikaranténne a rehabilitačné zariadenia,prediskutovali otázky týkajúce sa sirôt, prepravyživých zvierat a navštívili CHKO Štiavnické vrchy,kde hodnotili význam a potenciálne riziká možnéhoumiestnenia odchytového zariadenia.Materiály a metódyŠtyri mŕtve rysy boli vybrané na pitvu a ďalšiedva boli použité pre porovnanie vnútornýchorgánov. Rozličnosť zvierat bola vybraná tak, abybola možnosť pozrieť sa na rôzne anatomickéštruktúry, opotrebenie zubov, telesnú kondíciu aštádium rozkladu. Boli zahrnuté mladé a dospeléjedince oboch pohlaví. Všetky boli zmrazené auskladnené pre účel pitvy, ale zatiaľ čo niektoréboli zmrazené pomerne čerstvé, iné boli vpokročilejšom štádiu rozkladu.Pitevné postupy, zber údajov a vzoriek bolivykonané podľa protokolov z Centre for Fish andWildlife Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University ofBern (pozri Prílohy aj Woodford 2000). Zo všetkýchskúmaných zvierat bolo odobratých viac vzoriek aboli uložené až do ďalšieho použitia vo formalíne, vmrazničke (-20°C) alebo v 90% alkohole (genetickévzorky).Prvá pitva (rys KAMENICA2013) bola vykonanáDr. Ryser-Degiorgis s pomocou svojej asistentky,Mirjam Pewsner, aby demonštrovala postupy.Následné pitvy boli vykonané pod dohľadom,Branislava Táma (BRZOTIN2013, PRESOV2013) aVladimíra Štrbu (ORAVA2013.1). Jakub Kubalapomohol zhromaždiť morfologické dáta. Nazaznamenanie postupov bola použitá digitálnakamera GoPro® (http://gopro.com).VýsledkyKAMENICA2013, dospelý samec, blúdil v blízkostiľudského obydlia v Kamenici nad Cirochou (okresHumenné). Zomrel počas prepravy 4.10.2013. Bolveľmi vychudnutý (kachexia; Obr. 1) a miernezamorený kliešťami a ušnými roztočmi (Otodectescynotis). Okrem dvoch zahojených zlomenín rebier,troch chýbajúcich rezákov a niekoľkých vnútrosvalovýchkrvácaní mal zranenú končatinu – predvykonaním patologického vyšetrenia sapredpokladalo, že to bolo spôsobené zrážkou svozidlom. Pri pitve sa však zistilo, že ľavý humerusbol rozdrvený a v okolitých tkanivách boloprítomných viac fragmentov olova (Obr. 2), ktorézrejme boli spôsobené výstrelom. Zranenie zvieranezabilo, ale zrejme mu zabránilo loviť. Žalúdok bolprázdny, nachádzali sa tu malé vredy, čopoukazuje, že nepožíval potravu po dlhšiu dobu,________________________________________________________________________________________<strong>Monitoring</strong> <strong>Lynx</strong> <strong>lynx</strong> <strong>carpathicus</strong>, Rigg & Kubala (2015) 67
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